Final Exam (2-Cardio On)

Question 1

what type of muscle is the heart

Answer 1

striated muslce

Question 2

an infection of the inner lining of the heart usually involving the heart valves

Answer 2

endocarditis

Question 3

Receives blood from upper body

Answer 3

superior vena cava

Question 4

Receives blood from lower body

Answer 4

inferior vena cava

Question 5

drains blood from heart

Answer 5

coronary sinus

Question 6

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

Answer 6

pulmonary trunk (right and left pulmonary arteries)

Question 7

return oxygenated blood to heart

Answer 7

pulmonary veins (4)

Question 8

carries oxygenated blood out to body

Answer 8

ascending aorta

Question 9

has 3 leaflets, flow from left ventricle to the aorta and then to the body

Answer 9

aortic semilunar valve

Question 10

has 2 leaflets between left ventricle and atrium, flow from lungs into left atrium and then to left ventricle

Answer 10

mitral valve (bicuspid)

Question 11

has 3 leaflets, flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

Answer 11

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 12

3 leaflets, allows flow from right atrium to right ventricle

Answer 12

tricuspid valve

Question 13

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
Primarily oxygenated blood, higher pressure
thicker and stronger

Answer 13

arteries

Question 14

blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other parts of the body
Carries blood that is low in oxygen, lower pressure
less elastic
contain valves

Answer 14

veins

Question 15

superficial vein of the neck that drains blood from the parotid gland, most of the scalp, side of the face, Takes blood back to the heart.

Answer 15

external jugular vein

Question 16

assists more with drainage if internal jugular is compressed/compromised

Answer 16

external jugular vein

Question 17

how many layers are in arteries and veins

Answer 17

3

Question 18

openings in blood vessels

Answer 18

lumen

Question 19

junction of blood vessels (circle of willis)

Answer 19

anastomosis

Question 20

gas nutrient and waste exchange
in vasculature

Answer 20

capillaries

Question 21

Outer (superficial skin and auricular arteries and temporalis muscles) is supplied by

Answer 21

external carotid

Question 22

blood to brain, eyes, etc.

Answer 22

internal carotid

Question 23

blood to face and mouth

Answer 23

external carotid

Question 24

explain the purpose of the circle of willis

Answer 24

The Circle of Willis is an arrangement of interconnected vascular channels that ensure that the (oxygenated) blood flow to the brain continues unimpeded, in case any of the principal suppliers are obstructed by injury, physical pressure or disease.

Question 25

makes up 95% of the blood cells have name and color from hemoglobin

Answer 25

erythrocytes

Question 26

hemoglobin appears red when carrying _____ and darker red when carrying ______

Answer 26

O2, CO2

Question 27

to do stuff for immune system

Answer 27

leukocytes

Question 28

types of leukocytes

Answer 28

granular agranular

Question 29

granular leukocytes

Answer 29

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 30

agranular leukocytes

Answer 30

monocytes lymphocytes

Question 31

describe blood clotting

Answer 31

thrombocytes attract to area of rupture in blood cell, they will form fibrin (fiber mesh net) to catch platelets and cause a dam to clog so the blood will stop rushing out also mechanism for clot to retract and dissolve so it doesn’t stay for ever and become an embolism in the blood floating around to cause more issues (syneresis and fibrinolysis)

Question 32

a foreign body (blood clot) that travels within the body and can constrict blood flow (could be detached thrombus)

Answer 32

embolus

Question 33

a blood clot, a lesion attached to the inner vessel wall, can block partially or fully the flow of blood. (attached)

Answer 33

thrombus

Question 34

describe the plasma protein albumin

Answer 34

things bind to it to travel around the blood flow in our system o they can transfer across the cell membrane to the tissues

Question 35

describe the functions of blood

Answer 35

Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones Regulates: body pH, body temperature Clotting mechanism Protection against foreign microbes and toxins Osmosis - moving fluids between tissues

Question 36

where are all blood cells produced

Answer 36

red bone marrow

Question 37

what are some audiology correlations for the respiratory system

Answer 37

Tissues of the Eustachian tube can become swollen from a cold or upper respiratory infection, and not open and close well—causing problems in the middle ear. It’s possible for infection to spread from the nose and throat area through the Eustachian tube to the middle ear, which is one of the causes of middle ear infections Allergies can cause pressure build-up and mild conductive hearing loss thru a reaction on the skin like itching or swelling of the outer ear and ear canal

Question 38

our digestive system have accessory organs, what are they and how do they help out with it? what do they contribute?

Answer 38

Process begins before you’ve even ingested anything; smell and sight of food causes oral and gastric secretions Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva, which is made by salivary glands (contains amylase, which helps break down starch). Forms food bolus (bulge or ball) Air passageways close (epiglottis) he liver is to produce bile and export it to the duodenum. The gallbladder primarily stores, concentrates, and releases bile. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, and delivers it to the duodenum

Question 39

system concerned with getting food and nutrients into the body and waste out of the body

Answer 39

digestive system

Question 40

involved in processing food and nutrients to keep the body healthy

Answer 40

digestive system

Question 41

what is included in the GI tract

Answer 41

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine & rectum

Question 42

what are the accessory organs of GI tract

Answer 42

tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 43

Common passageway for food and air

Answer 43

pharynx

Question 44

flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it

Answer 44

epiglottis

Question 45

responsible for metabolism (biotransformation) of many things changing something, breaking it down and altering it to be used or excreted synthesis and storage

Answer 45

liver

Question 46

how many lobes are in the liver and what are they

Answer 46

4 right, left, caudate, and quadrate

Question 47

Stores and concentrates bile until needed

Answer 47

gall bladder

Question 48

removal of gallbladder, can do well without it just lose some storage and timing of getting bile into our GI tract

Answer 48

cholecystectomy

Question 49

what is bile and what makes it

Answer 49

liver he detergent produced by the liver that facilitates the excretion and absorption of lipophilic (fatty) substances

Question 50

presence of gall stones

Answer 50

Cholelithiasis

Question 51

what are the phases of GI tract

Answer 51

1) Ingestion 2) Propulsion (Movement) 3) Mechanical Digestion Chewing, tearing, grinding, mashing, mixing 4) Chemical Digestion Enzymatic reactions take place to improve process Helps breakdown carbs, proteins and lipids 5) Absorption 6) Defecation take food in first (ingest) usually through the mouth have it move from mouth down esophagus to stomach (propulsion) crunching it, breaking, etc, chew, teeth help tear it, stomach churns - mechanical saliva, other juices it touches along the way - chemical cellulose we dont need is put out the rectum through defecation

Question 52

what part of GI tract is biggest place for absorbing nutrients to blood flow?

Answer 52

small intestine

Question 53

what are gall stones made out of

Answer 53

cholesterol or calcium

Question 54

Temporarily stores ingested liquids and solids until they are released into the small intestine Secretes gastric juice that is involved with chemical digestion

Answer 54

stomach

Question 55

parts of the stomach

Answer 55

lower esophageal sphincter fundus body pyloric sphincter duodendum

Question 56

absorption of digested food

Answer 56

intestines

Question 57

site of nutrient absorption in intestines

Answer 57

villi

Question 58

Reabsorption of water; manufacture and absorption of vitamins; feces

Answer 58

large intestines

Question 59

propulsion & storage of unabsorbed material place of residence for flora (bacteria) absorption of small amounts of water and electrolytes

Answer 59

colon

Question 60

Production of insulin & glucagon it is the source of HCO3- to neutralize gastric acid it is the source of many digestive enzymes

Answer 60

pancreas

Question 61

It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition

Answer 61

crohn's disease

Question 62

long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine reaction to glutein

Answer 62

celiac disease

Question 63

bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. causes severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Answer 63

cholera

Question 64

hyperbilirubinemia a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by increased amounts of bilirubin in the blood.

Answer 64

jaundice

Question 65

an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen

Answer 65

appendicitis

Question 66

why is inflammatory bowel disease a concern for audiologists?

Answer 66

SNHL, the hearing loss is attributable to autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). May also result from autoimmune treatment