Final Exam (2-Cardio On) Flashcards
what type of muscle is the heart
striated muslce
an infection of the inner lining of the heart usually involving the heart valves
endocarditis
Receives blood from upper body
superior vena cava
Receives blood from lower body
inferior vena cava
drains blood from heart
coronary sinus
Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
pulmonary trunk (right and left pulmonary arteries)
return oxygenated blood to heart
pulmonary veins (4)
carries oxygenated blood out to body
ascending aorta
has 3 leaflets, flow from left ventricle to the aorta and then to the body
aortic semilunar valve
has 2 leaflets between left ventricle and atrium, flow from lungs into left atrium and then to left ventricle
mitral valve (bicuspid)
has 3 leaflets, flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
3 leaflets, allows flow from right atrium to right ventricle
tricuspid valve
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
Primarily oxygenated blood, higher pressure
thicker and stronger
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other parts of the body
Carries blood that is low in oxygen, lower pressure
less elastic
contain valves
veins
superficial vein of the neck that drains blood from the parotid gland, most of the scalp, side of the face, Takes blood back to the heart.
external jugular vein
assists more with drainage if internal jugular is compressed/compromised
external jugular vein
how many layers are in arteries and veins
3
openings in blood vessels
lumen
junction of blood vessels (circle of willis)
anastomosis
gas nutrient and waste exchange
in vasculature
capillaries
Outer (superficial skin and auricular arteries and temporalis muscles) is supplied by
external carotid
blood to brain, eyes, etc.
internal carotid
blood to face and mouth
external carotid
explain the purpose of the circle of willis
The Circle of Willis is an arrangement of interconnected vascular channels that ensure that the (oxygenated) blood flow to the brain continues unimpeded, in case any of the principal suppliers are obstructed by injury, physical pressure or disease.
makes up 95% of the blood cells
have name and color from hemoglobin
erythrocytes
hemoglobin appears red when carrying _____ and darker red when carrying ______
O2, CO2
to do stuff for immune system
leukocytes
types of leukocytes
granular
agranular
granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranular leukocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
describe blood clotting
thrombocytes attract to area of rupture in blood cell, they will form fibrin (fiber mesh net) to catch platelets and cause a dam to clog so the blood will stop rushing out
also mechanism for clot to retract and dissolve so it doesn’t stay for ever and become an embolism in the blood floating around to cause more issues (syneresis and fibrinolysis)
a foreign body (blood clot) that travels within the body and can constrict blood flow (could be detached thrombus)
embolus
a blood clot, a lesion attached to the inner vessel wall, can block partially or fully the flow of blood. (attached)
thrombus
describe the plasma protein albumin
things bind to it to travel around the blood flow in our system o they can transfer across the cell membrane to the tissues
describe the functions of blood
Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
Regulates: body pH, body temperature
Clotting mechanism
Protection against foreign microbes and toxins
Osmosis - moving fluids between tissues
where are all blood cells produced
red bone marrow
what are some audiology correlations for the respiratory system
Tissues of the Eustachian tube can become swollen from a cold or upper respiratory infection, and not open and close well—causing problems in the middle ear.
It’s possible for infection to spread from the nose and throat area through the Eustachian tube to the middle ear, which is one of the causes of middle ear infections
Allergies can cause pressure build-up and mild conductive hearing loss thru a reaction on the skin like itching or swelling of the outer ear and ear canal
our digestive system have accessory organs, what are they and how do they help out with it? what do they contribute?
Process begins before you’ve even ingested anything; smell and sight of food causes oral and gastric secretions
Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces.
Tongue mixes food with saliva, which is made by salivary glands (contains amylase, which helps break down starch).
Forms food bolus (bulge or ball)
Air passageways close (epiglottis)
he liver is to produce bile and export it to the duodenum. The gallbladder primarily stores, concentrates, and releases bile. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, and delivers it to the duodenum
system concerned with getting food and nutrients into the body and waste out of the body
digestive system
involved in processing food and nutrients to keep the body healthy
digestive system
what is included in the GI tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine & rectum
what are the accessory organs of GI tract
tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Common passageway for food and air
pharynx
flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it
epiglottis
responsible for metabolism (biotransformation) of many things
changing something, breaking it down and altering it to be used or excreted
synthesis and storage
liver
how many lobes are in the liver and what are they
4
right, left, caudate, and quadrate
Stores and concentrates bile until needed
gall bladder
removal of gallbladder, can do well without it just lose some storage and timing of getting bile into our GI tract
cholecystectomy
what is bile and what makes it
liver
he detergent produced by the liver that facilitates the excretion and absorption of lipophilic (fatty) substances
presence of gall stones
Cholelithiasis
what are the phases of GI tract
1) Ingestion
2) Propulsion (Movement)
3) Mechanical Digestion
Chewing, tearing, grinding, mashing, mixing
4) Chemical Digestion
Enzymatic reactions take place to improve process
Helps breakdown carbs, proteins and lipids
5) Absorption
6) Defecation
take food in first (ingest) usually through the mouth
have it move from mouth down esophagus to stomach (propulsion)
crunching it, breaking, etc, chew, teeth help tear it, stomach churns - mechanical
saliva, other juices it touches along the way - chemical
cellulose we dont need is put out the rectum through defecation
what part of GI tract is biggest place for absorbing nutrients to blood flow?
small intestine
what are gall stones made out of
cholesterol or calcium
Temporarily stores ingested liquids and solids until they are released into the small intestine
Secretes gastric juice that is involved with chemical digestion
stomach
parts of the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
fundus
body
pyloric sphincter
duodendum
absorption of digested food
intestines
site of nutrient absorption in intestines
villi
Reabsorption of water; manufacture and absorption of vitamins; feces
large intestines
propulsion & storage of unabsorbed material
place of residence for flora (bacteria)
absorption of small amounts of water and electrolytes
colon
Production of insulin & glucagon
it is the source of HCO3- to neutralize gastric acid
it is the source of many digestive enzymes
pancreas
It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition
crohn’s disease
long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine
reaction to glutein
celiac disease
bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water.
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration.
cholera
hyperbilirubinemia
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by increased amounts of bilirubin in the blood.
jaundice
an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen
appendicitis
why is inflammatory bowel disease a concern for audiologists?
SNHL, the hearing loss is attributable to autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED).
May also result from autoimmune treatment
