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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > More Motor Pathways > Flashcards

More Motor Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

axonal degeneration occurring distal to the site of injury

A

orthograde degeneration

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2
Q

what happens with orthograde degeneration

A

result in the Schwann cells reorganizing into Schwann tubes that can play a critical role in regeneration
If no regeneration after 1 yr, Schwann cells are replaced with fibroblasts
numbness after surgery or injury
has year with schwann tube still there to replace and if not, gets fibroblasts = scar tissue
instead of open channel road, you have a road block that hinders regeneration and that is this scar tissue

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3
Q

accompanies orthograde, axonal degeneration occurs proximal to the site of injury.

A

retrograde degeneration

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4
Q

what happens with retrograde degeneration

A

Loss of neurotrophic factors coming from the axon to the cell body via retrograde axoplasmic flow
Soma becomes swollen
loses communication with its end so cell body starts to change

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5
Q

Injury potentials from depolarization at the site of the lesion evoke spontaneous action potentials that travel to the muscle, causing a twitch

A

stage 1, fasciculations

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6
Q

injury potentials that lead to uncoordinated contractions of the muscle known as fibrillations
Small contractions, not visible on the surface

A

stage 2 of denervated muscle stages

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7
Q

after the distal axon has degenerated, the muscle begins to show denervation atrophy

A

stage 3

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8
Q

Denervated muscle develops a large number of ________ sites that are targets for regenerating axons
These can be maintained for about 2 years and will be lost if no reinnervation occurs

A

acetylcholine receptor

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9
Q

cell body reorganizes, they want to grow a new sprout, produces material and grows this

A

regeneration

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10
Q

describe the process of regeneration

A

nerve is cut and nerve degenerates, so now cell body creates more production and creates a growth cone and sends out sprouts., if it finds the schwann tube, it gets all the nutrients and regrows and reinnervates the muscle and the other sprouts dont go anywhere
the one with the right channel grows and the others do not
can regenerate nerves in the periphery

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11
Q

referred to as the vestibulocerebellum

A

flocculonodular lobe

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12
Q

Receives vestibular, spinal and cortical inputs

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

what is medulloblastoma

A

occurring in the roof of 4th ventricle in young children
Damage to flocculonodular lobe
in cerebellum

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14
Q

symptoms of medulloblastoma

A

Loss of equilibrium, sway side to side, staggering, wide-based gait, falling over, problems with eye movements, can also have noncommunicating hydrocephalus

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14
Q

these cells give the arbor vitae appearance

A

Purkinje cells

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15
Q

what can we see with damage to the cerebellum?

A

general incoordination or ataxia (“lack of order”), often in leg movements
changes in muscle tone (hypotonia), reflexes (hyporeflexia) and coordination of voluntary movements ipsi to side of lesion

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16
Q

how is coordination affected with cerebellar disorders?

A

Voluntary movements may take longer than normal to initiate
Problems stopping or changing direction of movement (overshoot or undershoot of targets = dysmetria)

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17
Q

overshooting or undershooting of targets

A

dysmetria

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18
Q

difficulty with rapid alternating movements

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

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19
Q

the largest and it emerges from the basal pons
mainly contains afferents from contra and pontine nuclei

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

has many decussations and mainly efferent pathways from cerebellum to red nucleus and thalamus

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

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21
Q

major portion of inferior cerebellar peduncle (“ropelike”) with fibers from spinal cord and brainstem

A

restiform body

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22
Q

additional fibers of the ICP (inferior cerebellar peduncle) connecting cerebellum and vestibular nuclei

A

juxstarestiform body

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23
Q

Where is there a better prognosis for regeneration?

A

better prognosis in peripheral ns than in the cns and for it to occur accurately

if damage is cns, so tightly packed with a bunch of cells that it has more odds against it to have an effective regeneration

24
Q

what are the Cortical Motor Areas

A

come from a multitude of areas that add information regarding what muscles we want to move, how fast and where
Primary Motor Area (M-I), Brodmann’s area 4
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), Brodmann’s area 6
Premotor Area (PMA), Brodmann’s area 6

25
Q

where do we have connections for movement?

A

from areas that also assist in the coordination of our movements

Motor areas of cortex receive info from cerebellum, basal ganglia, and peripheral sensory systems (all via the thalamic nuclei) (proprioception)

26
Q

Provides the most direct cortical control of the motor neurons

A

M1

27
Q

facilitate specific sets of neurons in M-I
Serves to prepare M-I , not completely understood

A

PMA

28
Q

facilitates coordinated motor acts (complex movements)—SMA is not necessary for simple repetitive tasks

A

SMA

29
Q

precursor to the actual motor command

A

PMA

30
Q

Set of nuclei at the base of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Basal ganglia

31
Q

what consists of the basal ganglia

A

Putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and diencephalic subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra

32
Q

striped appearance on sagittal slices not at midline
caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen

A

striatum

33
Q

refers to the putamen and globus pallidus grouped together

A

lenticular nucleus

34
Q

where are bg in relation to the thalamus?

A

nearby it
bg make constant connection with thalamus and send info to modulate the motor commands in the cortex

35
Q

what is the importance of the bg?

A

tie together movement, cognition and emotion

36
Q

how do we have emotions tied to motor commands?

A

through some limbic connections

37
Q

characterized by excessive movement

A

Hyperkinetic

38
Q

characterized by diminished or slow movement

A

Hypokinetic

39
Q

spasms, involuntary movements of limbs or facial muscles, with possible hypotonia (loss of muscle tone)

A

choreo

40
Q

without position”; slow writhing movements (pronounced in hands and fingers); patient may have difficulty holding a limb in a fixed position

A

athetosis

41
Q

“jumping about”; wild flailing movements of one arm and leg

A

ballismus

42
Q

increased or abnormal tone in muscles or tissue resulting in a somewhat fixed posture

A

dystonia

43
Q

lack of movement and are stuck

A

dystonia

44
Q

loss of muscle tone
more rigid

A

hypotonia

45
Q

tone increase in flexors & extensors

A

rigidity

46
Q

decreased or slow movements

A

Bradykinesia

47
Q

Neuronal degeneration that is severe in the striatum and especially the caudate nucleus

A

huntingdon’s disease

48
Q

What are symptom’s we see with Huntingdon’s disease

A

Symptoms between age 30-50 years
Involuntary movements (chorea) and alteration of mood or cognitive function
Movements become more pronounced with worsening dementia & personality changes

49
Q

what disease is an autosomal dominant inheritance (chromosome 4)

A

huntingdon’s disease

50
Q

Are we able to do genetic testing for Huntingdon’s?

A

YES able to do genetic testing to see if they have passed it on

51
Q

Most well known hypokinetic disorder

A

parkinson’s disease

52
Q

Biochemical disease of basal ganglia (evident in substantia nigra pigmented cells that should produce dopamine and transport it to the striatum)

A

parkinson’s disease

53
Q

what are treatments for PD

A

L-dopa, precursor of dopamine that is needed (dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier)
Has helped many patients, but also side effects

Thalamotomy or pallidotomy to disrupt the loop (Last resort due to risk of damaging the nearby internal capsule)

Recent implantation of electrodes in globus pallidus (high freq bursts)
Wide spread choice for advanced Parkinson’s

54
Q

what is a positive sign? (may be involved in basal ganglia)

A

something new that showed up that didn’t use to be there
tremor for example

55
Q

what is a negative sign

A

something that was there and is now diminishing
used to have the ability to do something and now they don’t

56
Q

what would be a positive and negative sign of PD?

A

rigidity = positive
bradykinesia = negative

57
Q

what are examples of PD signs

A

decreased blinking, expressionless face, lack of arm movements while walking
Resting tremor, generally of the hand and diminishing with voluntary movement

58
Q

what is rigidity and cog wheel rigidity

A

(uniform)
tremor or brief relaxations and rigidity superimposed)

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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