Integumentary System Flashcards
layers of the epidermis
Squamous epithelial cells
Dead cells
Thickest where there is most abrasion and weight (palms and soles of feet)
stratum germinativum
what are the fxns of integument
Covering
Skin is largest organ—has more than two tissues
Waterproof—to keep water in
Barrier from foreign invasion
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, chemicals
Protects from ultraviolet rays
Heat control
Sensory receptors
Vitamin D/Hormone production
deepest layer of the epidermis
stratum germinativum
cells only divide in this layer (mitosis)
stratum germinativum
contains melanocytes
stratum germinativum
produces the color in the skin and what determines this
genes, melanin
filled with keratin, constanly shed (desquamation) and replaced
dead cells in epidermis
what happens with issues of the melanin
albinism
suntan
beneath the epidermis
dermis
Dense connective tissue—collagenous and elastin fibers
dermis
what is contained in the dermis layer
Blood vessels—pink/blushing from dilation, blue (cyanosis) from lack of oxygen
Nerves
Lymph
Smooth muscle
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
where all of the activity occurs
dermis
inner most layer (medial)
hypodermis
or subcutaneous
describe the hypodermis
Fatty tissue-adipose
Considered the superficial fascia and attaches dermis to muscle or bone
Hypodermic need injections in to this area
what can speeding up the desquamation process
microneedling or chemical peels
what is the arrector pili muscle
involuntary, goose bumps, autonomic nervous system activation
causes hair to stand up when you’re cold or have a bad feeling
dog/cat when the hair stands up when they’re mad or scared
bulk up and gives insulation when it is cold
sebaceous gland
sebum - oil
comes out around the hair follicle
associated with hair follicle
visible and the root is in the epidermis in a tube/hair follicle (follicles are located in the epidermis and dermis)
hair shaft
modification of leathery epidermal
cells with hard keratin
nails
non-hairy skin
non-hairy
what is lunula
crescent at the proximal end of each nail, and the white free edge
Air mixed with the keratin makes it
luna = moon
moon shaped
a layer of the epidermis extending over the nail
cuticle
nail grows
~1mm per week (slower on toes and with age)
what are sebaceous glands
along walls of hair follicles
Sebum=oil
Lubrication for glossy and pliable skin and shiny hair
Controlled by endocrine system, increases in puberty and pregnancy = acne and blackheads, decreases with age = dry skin on feet, hands
what are sweat glands
o cool and secrete minimal waste
Tubular (twisted) glands in most parts of the skin (except lips and head of the penis)
Most abundant in palms of hands and soles of feet ==sweaty palms and sweaty, stinky feet
Secretory portion of gland in deep dermis, some in subcutaneous tissue; Excretory duct spirals up through epidermis and opens onto the surface
Sweat has
sodium chloride –salty; urea, uric acid, ammonia and other organic substances (biproducts of cellular functions)
for sweat/heat regulation
eccrine sweat glands
in armpits and around genitalia =scent/odor
Chemical attraction
apocrine sweat glands
where can other odor come from
bacteria feeding on the sweat
How do we cool the body
cools the body as sweat evaporates it lowers the body temperature
what are ceruminous glands and here purpose
modified apocrine sweat glands (with contributions from sebaceous glands)
Lubrication and protection in ear canal
Only in the dermis of the external auditory canals
Cerumen traps foreign material like dust and pathogens
Continuously produced and migrates out of canal (epithelial migration)
how is UV protection done?
melanocytes (produce melanin) - absorbs UV light
over UV exposure causes
over production of melanin
what is melanoma
most dangerous skin cancer
not most commonwh
what are the ABCDE’s of melanoma
A- Asymmetry
B – Border that are uneven (melanoma) vs smooth (benign)
C – color variety or change
D – diameter that is relatively large
E - evolving, changing in size, shape, elevation, color etc
how is melanoma produced
cancerous growths develop when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.
how many does melanoma kill each year
an estimated 10,130 people in the US annually.
What is Waardenburg
Genetic and congenital
Mutation in changes the melanocytes
Changes in pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes
Pale eyes or different colors, white patch of hair or early gray, patches of white or dark on skin
Can have moderate to profound
hearing loss and balance issues
what type of hl is a result of Waardenburg?
moderate to profound
hearing loss and balance issues
how do we thermoregulate
sweating to reduce hyperthermia
vascular changes
describe vascular changes
Autonomic
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
what is vasodilation
skin looks pink or red
Smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin relax/open, allow more blood to enter the skin
Blood transports heat, pulling heat away from body core
and to the surface
—hot water example (red hands)
what is vasoconstriction
With hypothermia-need to raise body temp
Contraction of arrector pili to trap air and make insulation layer; and smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin to reduce blood flow and keep heat in
—cold water example (
pain signals
tissue damage
purpose of sensation receptors
sense the external environment (touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain)
vibration
pacinian corpuscle
modality
what is the characteristic of the sensation
what type of sensation is it
touch
meissner corpuscle
pressure
ruffini ending
touch/movement of hair
hair receptors
touch
Merkel endings
Pain, temperature, itch, touch
free nerve endings
map of skin sensations
dermatomes
Dermatome Landmark C2
Occiput
Dermatome Landmark C3
scalp around ear, pinna, & other craniofacial
Dermatome Landmark C4
posterior neck and upper shoulder
Dermatome Landmark C6, 7, 8
6 - thumb
7 - index finger and middle fingers
8 - ring and little fingers
Dermatome Landmark T1
upper thorax and anterior surface of upper extremity
Dermatome Landmark T4
nipple zone
Dermatome Landmark T5
inferior angle of scapula
Dermatome Landmark T10
umbilical zone
Dermatome Landmark L4
lateral thigh, anterior surface of kneww and medial leg, great toe
Dermatome Landmark L5
middle three toes, sole of foot, and great toe
Dermatome Landmark S1
back of leg, little toe, and heel and lateral foot
Dermatome Landmark S2
genitalia and back of thigh
partial paralysis or weakness
paresis
sensory area of skin that is going into the specific spinal segment of the nerves
dermatome
muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided” or
“One of the embryonic muscular segments
myotomes
segmental muscular nerve supplies overlap as do dermatomes
myotomes
if only one or two ventral roots are damaged
paresis
inability to move
paralysis
if all roots innervating a particular muscle are destroyed
paralysis
what are affected with most spinal cord lesions
will affect control of bladder and bowel since these are innervated by very low spinal cord segments (S2, S3, and S4)
One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes
sclerotomes
connective tissues that separate the muscles
sclerotomes
Cutaneous Receptor Distribution (in dermatomes) equal
not not uniform
Test by two-point discrimination –the minimum distance by which two stimuli can be separated and still perceived as two stimuli
2 mm for fingertips and several centimeters for the back
what electrolytes come out of our sweat?
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium
metabolic waste
Lactic acid, urea and uric acid and ammonia excreted
red patches, thick, scaly, may bleed when scraped, hyperactive stratum germinativum
Psoriasis
uncontrolled growth in epidermal layer, human papillomavirus
warts
herpes simplex virus, fluid filled blister
cold sores
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, small blisters, highly contagious (face and can spread)
impetigo
Staph infection of hair follicle or gland with pus
furuncle or boil
localized edema in epidermis, elevated, red or pale and itchy
Urticaria or hives
what are features of skin in the ears
Cerumen glands
Hair angled to protect
Outer layer of TM is same tissue as skin
Epithelial migration
otitis externa
various causes
Bacteria or fungus
swimmers ear
typically bacterial
otomycosis
fungal infection
Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis
Pseudomonas aeruginos
an invasive infection of the external auditory canal and skull base, which typically occurs in older adult patients with diabetes mellitus
importance of vitamin d
Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorus in our GI tract (mainly the intestines)
Calcium for muscle contraction and bone growth
Phosphorus needed for ATP
lack of vitamin d causes
rickets (bow legged)
____ produces substantially larger amounts of vitamin D than ______
light skin, dark skin (dark skin protects against vitamin D overproduction)
vitamin d function and importance
Physical and psychological stress
The body’s uptake and utilization of calcium and phosphorus
The blood’s calcium balance together with the thyroid hormone calcitonin
Strong bones and teeth (especially together with calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K2)
Muscle function
Immune system
Counteracts inflammation that is also seen with autoimmune diseases
Normal cell division
Energy levels and mood
Cancer prevention (according to some studies)
fat-soluble and is stored in the body’s fat tissue when ingested in large amounts
destroyed by light and heat from cooking.
Vitamin D
liver and kidneys (think vitamin d)
Calciferol (D3) to Vitamin D
