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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

Squamous epithelial cells
Dead cells
Thickest where there is most abrasion and weight (palms and soles of feet)
stratum germinativum

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1
Q

what are the fxns of integument

A

Covering
Skin is largest organ—has more than two tissues
Waterproof—to keep water in
Barrier from foreign invasion
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, chemicals
Protects from ultraviolet rays
Heat control
Sensory receptors
Vitamin D/Hormone production

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2
Q

deepest layer of the epidermis

A

stratum germinativum

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3
Q

cells only divide in this layer (mitosis)

A

stratum germinativum

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4
Q

contains melanocytes

A

stratum germinativum

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5
Q

produces the color in the skin and what determines this

A

genes, melanin

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6
Q

filled with keratin, constanly shed (desquamation) and replaced

A

dead cells in epidermis

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7
Q

what happens with issues of the melanin

A

albinism
suntan

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8
Q

beneath the epidermis

A

dermis

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue—collagenous and elastin fibers

A

dermis

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10
Q

what is contained in the dermis layer

A

Blood vessels—pink/blushing from dilation, blue (cyanosis) from lack of oxygen
Nerves
Lymph
Smooth muscle
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands

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11
Q

where all of the activity occurs

A

dermis

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12
Q

inner most layer (medial)

A

hypodermis
or subcutaneous

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13
Q

describe the hypodermis

A

Fatty tissue-adipose
Considered the superficial fascia and attaches dermis to muscle or bone
Hypodermic need injections in to this area

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14
Q

what can speeding up the desquamation process

A

microneedling or chemical peels

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15
Q

what is the arrector pili muscle

A

involuntary, goose bumps, autonomic nervous system activation
causes hair to stand up when you’re cold or have a bad feeling
dog/cat when the hair stands up when they’re mad or scared
bulk up and gives insulation when it is cold

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16
Q

sebaceous gland

A

sebum - oil
comes out around the hair follicle
associated with hair follicle

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17
Q

visible and the root is in the epidermis in a tube/hair follicle (follicles are located in the epidermis and dermis)

A

hair shaft

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18
Q

modification of leathery epidermal
cells with hard keratin

A

nails

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19
Q

non-hairy skin

A

non-hairy

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20
Q

what is lunula

A

crescent at the proximal end of each nail, and the white free edge
Air mixed with the keratin makes it
luna = moon
moon shaped

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21
Q

a layer of the epidermis extending over the nail

A

cuticle

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22
Q

nail grows

A

~1mm per week (slower on toes and with age)

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23
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

along walls of hair follicles
Sebum=oil
Lubrication for glossy and pliable skin and shiny hair
Controlled by endocrine system, increases in puberty and pregnancy = acne and blackheads, decreases with age = dry skin on feet, hands

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24
Q

what are sweat glands

A

o cool and secrete minimal waste
Tubular (twisted) glands in most parts of the skin (except lips and head of the penis)
Most abundant in palms of hands and soles of feet ==sweaty palms and sweaty, stinky feet
Secretory portion of gland in deep dermis, some in subcutaneous tissue; Excretory duct spirals up through epidermis and opens onto the surface

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25
Q

Sweat has

A

sodium chloride –salty; urea, uric acid, ammonia and other organic substances (biproducts of cellular functions)

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26
Q

for sweat/heat regulation

A

eccrine sweat glands

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27
Q

in armpits and around genitalia =scent/odor
Chemical attraction

A

apocrine sweat glands

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28
Q

where can other odor come from

A

bacteria feeding on the sweat

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29
Q

How do we cool the body

A

cools the body as sweat evaporates it lowers the body temperature

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30
Q

what are ceruminous glands and here purpose

A

modified apocrine sweat glands (with contributions from sebaceous glands)
Lubrication and protection in ear canal
Only in the dermis of the external auditory canals
Cerumen traps foreign material like dust and pathogens
Continuously produced and migrates out of canal (epithelial migration)

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31
Q

how is UV protection done?

A

melanocytes (produce melanin) - absorbs UV light

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32
Q

over UV exposure causes

A

over production of melanin

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33
Q

what is melanoma

A

most dangerous skin cancer
not most commonwh

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34
Q

what are the ABCDE’s of melanoma

A

A- Asymmetry
B – Border that are uneven (melanoma) vs smooth (benign)
C – color variety or change
D – diameter that is relatively large
E - evolving, changing in size, shape, elevation, color etc

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35
Q

how is melanoma produced

A

cancerous growths develop when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.

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36
Q

how many does melanoma kill each year

A

an estimated 10,130 people in the US annually.

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37
Q

What is Waardenburg

A

Genetic and congenital
Mutation in changes the melanocytes
Changes in pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes
Pale eyes or different colors, white patch of hair or early gray, patches of white or dark on skin
Can have moderate to profound
hearing loss and balance issues

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38
Q

what type of hl is a result of Waardenburg?

A

moderate to profound
hearing loss and balance issues

39
Q

how do we thermoregulate

A

sweating to reduce hyperthermia
vascular changes

40
Q

describe vascular changes

A

Autonomic
vasodilation
vasoconstriction

41
Q

what is vasodilation

A

skin looks pink or red
Smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin relax/open, allow more blood to enter the skin
Blood transports heat, pulling heat away from body core
and to the surface
—hot water example (red hands)

42
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

With hypothermia-need to raise body temp
Contraction of arrector pili to trap air and make insulation layer; and smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin to reduce blood flow and keep heat in
—cold water example (

43
Q

pain signals

A

tissue damage

44
Q

purpose of sensation receptors

A

sense the external environment (touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain)

45
Q

vibration

A

pacinian corpuscle

46
Q

modality

A

what is the characteristic of the sensation
what type of sensation is it

47
Q

touch

A

meissner corpuscle

48
Q

pressure

A

ruffini ending

49
Q

touch/movement of hair

A

hair receptors

50
Q

touch

A

Merkel endings

51
Q

Pain, temperature, itch, touch

A

free nerve endings

52
Q

map of skin sensations

A

dermatomes

53
Q

Dermatome Landmark C2

A

Occiput

54
Q

Dermatome Landmark C3

A

scalp around ear, pinna, & other craniofacial

55
Q

Dermatome Landmark C4

A

posterior neck and upper shoulder

56
Q

Dermatome Landmark C6, 7, 8

A

6 - thumb
7 - index finger and middle fingers
8 - ring and little fingers

57
Q

Dermatome Landmark T1

A

upper thorax and anterior surface of upper extremity

58
Q

Dermatome Landmark T4

A

nipple zone

59
Q

Dermatome Landmark T5

A

inferior angle of scapula

60
Q

Dermatome Landmark T10

A

umbilical zone

61
Q

Dermatome Landmark L4

A

lateral thigh, anterior surface of kneww and medial leg, great toe

62
Q

Dermatome Landmark L5

A

middle three toes, sole of foot, and great toe

63
Q

Dermatome Landmark S1

A

back of leg, little toe, and heel and lateral foot

64
Q

Dermatome Landmark S2

A

genitalia and back of thigh

65
Q

partial paralysis or weakness

A

paresis

66
Q

sensory area of skin that is going into the specific spinal segment of the nerves

A

dermatome

67
Q

muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided” or
“One of the embryonic muscular segments

A

myotomes

68
Q

segmental muscular nerve supplies overlap as do dermatomes

A

myotomes

69
Q

if only one or two ventral roots are damaged

A

paresis

70
Q

inability to move

A

paralysis

71
Q

if all roots innervating a particular muscle are destroyed

A

paralysis

72
Q

what are affected with most spinal cord lesions

A

will affect control of bladder and bowel since these are innervated by very low spinal cord segments (S2, S3, and S4)

73
Q

One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes

A

sclerotomes

74
Q

connective tissues that separate the muscles

A

sclerotomes

75
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Distribution (in dermatomes) equal

A

not not uniform
Test by two-point discrimination –the minimum distance by which two stimuli can be separated and still perceived as two stimuli
2 mm for fingertips and several centimeters for the back

76
Q

what electrolytes come out of our sweat?

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium

77
Q

metabolic waste

A

Lactic acid, urea and uric acid and ammonia excreted

78
Q

red patches, thick, scaly, may bleed when scraped, hyperactive stratum germinativum

A

Psoriasis

79
Q

uncontrolled growth in epidermal layer, human papillomavirus

A

warts

80
Q

herpes simplex virus, fluid filled blister

A

cold sores

81
Q

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, small blisters, highly contagious (face and can spread)

A

impetigo

82
Q

Staph infection of hair follicle or gland with pus

A

furuncle or boil

83
Q

localized edema in epidermis, elevated, red or pale and itchy

A

Urticaria or hives

84
Q

what are features of skin in the ears

A

Cerumen glands
Hair angled to protect
Outer layer of TM is same tissue as skin
Epithelial migration

85
Q

otitis externa

A

various causes
Bacteria or fungus

86
Q

swimmers ear

A

typically bacterial

87
Q

otomycosis

A

fungal infection

88
Q

Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginos
an invasive infection of the external auditory canal and skull base, which typically occurs in older adult patients with diabetes mellitus

89
Q

importance of vitamin d

A

Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorus in our GI tract (mainly the intestines)
Calcium for muscle contraction and bone growth
Phosphorus needed for ATP

90
Q

lack of vitamin d causes

A

rickets (bow legged)

91
Q

____ produces substantially larger amounts of vitamin D than ______

A

light skin, dark skin (dark skin protects against vitamin D overproduction)

92
Q

vitamin d function and importance

A

Physical and psychological stress
The body’s uptake and utilization of calcium and phosphorus
The blood’s calcium balance together with the thyroid hormone calcitonin
Strong bones and teeth (especially together with calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K2)
Muscle function
Immune system
Counteracts inflammation that is also seen with autoimmune diseases
Normal cell division
Energy levels and mood
Cancer prevention (according to some studies)

93
Q

fat-soluble and is stored in the body’s fat tissue when ingested in large amounts
destroyed by light and heat from cooking.

A

Vitamin D

94
Q

liver and kidneys (think vitamin d)

A

Calciferol (D3) to Vitamin D

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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