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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

Squamous epithelial cells
Dead cells
Thickest where there is most abrasion and weight (palms and soles of feet)
stratum germinativum

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1
Q

what are the fxns of integument

A

Covering
Skin is largest organ—has more than two tissues
Waterproof—to keep water in
Barrier from foreign invasion
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, chemicals
Protects from ultraviolet rays
Heat control
Sensory receptors
Vitamin D/Hormone production

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2
Q

deepest layer of the epidermis

A

stratum germinativum

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3
Q

cells only divide in this layer (mitosis)

A

stratum germinativum

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4
Q

contains melanocytes

A

stratum germinativum

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5
Q

produces the color in the skin and what determines this

A

genes, melanin

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6
Q

filled with keratin, constanly shed (desquamation) and replaced

A

dead cells in epidermis

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7
Q

what happens with issues of the melanin

A

albinism
suntan

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8
Q

beneath the epidermis

A

dermis

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue—collagenous and elastin fibers

A

dermis

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10
Q

what is contained in the dermis layer

A

Blood vessels—pink/blushing from dilation, blue (cyanosis) from lack of oxygen
Nerves
Lymph
Smooth muscle
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands

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11
Q

where all of the activity occurs

A

dermis

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12
Q

inner most layer (medial)

A

hypodermis
or subcutaneous

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13
Q

describe the hypodermis

A

Fatty tissue-adipose
Considered the superficial fascia and attaches dermis to muscle or bone
Hypodermic need injections in to this area

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14
Q

what can speeding up the desquamation process

A

microneedling or chemical peels

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15
Q

what is the arrector pili muscle

A

involuntary, goose bumps, autonomic nervous system activation
causes hair to stand up when you’re cold or have a bad feeling
dog/cat when the hair stands up when they’re mad or scared
bulk up and gives insulation when it is cold

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16
Q

sebaceous gland

A

sebum - oil
comes out around the hair follicle
associated with hair follicle

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17
Q

visible and the root is in the epidermis in a tube/hair follicle (follicles are located in the epidermis and dermis)

A

hair shaft

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18
Q

modification of leathery epidermal
cells with hard keratin

A

nails

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19
Q

non-hairy skin

A

non-hairy

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20
Q

what is lunula

A

crescent at the proximal end of each nail, and the white free edge
Air mixed with the keratin makes it
luna = moon
moon shaped

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21
Q

a layer of the epidermis extending over the nail

A

cuticle

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22
Q

nail grows

A

~1mm per week (slower on toes and with age)

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23
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

along walls of hair follicles
Sebum=oil
Lubrication for glossy and pliable skin and shiny hair
Controlled by endocrine system, increases in puberty and pregnancy = acne and blackheads, decreases with age = dry skin on feet, hands

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24
what are sweat glands
o cool and secrete minimal waste Tubular (twisted) glands in most parts of the skin (except lips and head of the penis) Most abundant in palms of hands and soles of feet ==sweaty palms and sweaty, stinky feet Secretory portion of gland in deep dermis, some in subcutaneous tissue; Excretory duct spirals up through epidermis and opens onto the surface
25
Sweat has
sodium chloride –salty; urea, uric acid, ammonia and other organic substances (biproducts of cellular functions)
26
for sweat/heat regulation
eccrine sweat glands
27
in armpits and around genitalia =scent/odor Chemical attraction
apocrine sweat glands
28
where can other odor come from
bacteria feeding on the sweat
29
How do we cool the body
cools the body as sweat evaporates it lowers the body temperature
30
what are ceruminous glands and here purpose
modified apocrine sweat glands (with contributions from sebaceous glands) Lubrication and protection in ear canal Only in the dermis of the external auditory canals Cerumen traps foreign material like dust and pathogens Continuously produced and migrates out of canal (epithelial migration)
31
how is UV protection done?
melanocytes (produce melanin) - absorbs UV light
32
over UV exposure causes
over production of melanin
33
what is melanoma
most dangerous skin cancer not most commonwh
34
what are the ABCDE's of melanoma
A- Asymmetry B – Border that are uneven (melanoma) vs smooth (benign) C – color variety or change D – diameter that is relatively large E - evolving, changing in size, shape, elevation, color etc
35
how is melanoma produced
cancerous growths develop when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.
36
how many does melanoma kill each year
an estimated 10,130 people in the US annually.
37
What is Waardenburg
Genetic and congenital Mutation in changes the melanocytes Changes in pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes Pale eyes or different colors, white patch of hair or early gray, patches of white or dark on skin Can have moderate to profound hearing loss and balance issues
38
what type of hl is a result of Waardenburg?
moderate to profound hearing loss and balance issues
39
how do we thermoregulate
sweating to reduce hyperthermia vascular changes
40
describe vascular changes
Autonomic vasodilation vasoconstriction
41
what is vasodilation
skin looks pink or red Smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin relax/open, allow more blood to enter the skin Blood transports heat, pulling heat away from body core and to the surface —hot water example (red hands)
42
what is vasoconstriction
With hypothermia-need to raise body temp Contraction of arrector pili to trap air and make insulation layer; and smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin to reduce blood flow and keep heat in —cold water example (
43
pain signals
tissue damage
44
purpose of sensation receptors
sense the external environment (touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain)
45
vibration
pacinian corpuscle
46
modality
what is the characteristic of the sensation what type of sensation is it
47
touch
meissner corpuscle
48
pressure
ruffini ending
49
touch/movement of hair
hair receptors
50
touch
Merkel endings
51
Pain, temperature, itch, touch
free nerve endings
52
map of skin sensations
dermatomes
53
Dermatome Landmark C2
Occiput
54
Dermatome Landmark C3
scalp around ear, pinna, & other craniofacial
55
Dermatome Landmark C4
posterior neck and upper shoulder
56
Dermatome Landmark C6, 7, 8
6 - thumb 7 - index finger and middle fingers 8 - ring and little fingers
57
Dermatome Landmark T1
upper thorax and anterior surface of upper extremity
58
Dermatome Landmark T4
nipple zone
59
Dermatome Landmark T5
inferior angle of scapula
60
Dermatome Landmark T10
umbilical zone
61
Dermatome Landmark L4
lateral thigh, anterior surface of kneww and medial leg, great toe
62
Dermatome Landmark L5
middle three toes, sole of foot, and great toe
63
Dermatome Landmark S1
back of leg, little toe, and heel and lateral foot
64
Dermatome Landmark S2
genitalia and back of thigh
65
partial paralysis or weakness
paresis
66
sensory area of skin that is going into the specific spinal segment of the nerves
dermatome
67
muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided” or “One of the embryonic muscular segments
myotomes
68
segmental muscular nerve supplies overlap as do dermatomes
myotomes
69
if only one or two ventral roots are damaged
paresis
70
inability to move
paralysis
71
if all roots innervating a particular muscle are destroyed
paralysis
72
what are affected with most spinal cord lesions
will affect control of bladder and bowel since these are innervated by very low spinal cord segments (S2, S3, and S4)
73
One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes
sclerotomes
74
connective tissues that separate the muscles
sclerotomes
75
Cutaneous Receptor Distribution (in dermatomes) equal
not not uniform Test by two-point discrimination –the minimum distance by which two stimuli can be separated and still perceived as two stimuli 2 mm for fingertips and several centimeters for the back
76
what electrolytes come out of our sweat?
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium
77
metabolic waste
Lactic acid, urea and uric acid and ammonia excreted
78
red patches, thick, scaly, may bleed when scraped, hyperactive stratum germinativum
Psoriasis
79
uncontrolled growth in epidermal layer, human papillomavirus
warts
80
herpes simplex virus, fluid filled blister
cold sores
81
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, small blisters, highly contagious (face and can spread)
impetigo
82
Staph infection of hair follicle or gland with pus
furuncle or boil
83
localized edema in epidermis, elevated, red or pale and itchy
Urticaria or hives
84
what are features of skin in the ears
Cerumen glands Hair angled to protect Outer layer of TM is same tissue as skin Epithelial migration
85
otitis externa
various causes Bacteria or fungus
86
swimmers ear
typically bacterial
87
otomycosis
fungal infection
88
Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis
Pseudomonas aeruginos an invasive infection of the external auditory canal and skull base, which typically occurs in older adult patients with diabetes mellitus
89
importance of vitamin d
Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorus in our GI tract (mainly the intestines) Calcium for muscle contraction and bone growth Phosphorus needed for ATP
90
lack of vitamin d causes
rickets (bow legged)
91
____ produces substantially larger amounts of vitamin D than ______
light skin, dark skin (dark skin protects against vitamin D overproduction)
92
vitamin d function and importance
Physical and psychological stress The body's uptake and utilization of calcium and phosphorus The blood's calcium balance together with the thyroid hormone calcitonin Strong bones and teeth (especially together with calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K2) Muscle function Immune system Counteracts inflammation that is also seen with autoimmune diseases Normal cell division Energy levels and mood Cancer prevention (according to some studies)
93
fat-soluble and is stored in the body's fat tissue when ingested in large amounts destroyed by light and heat from cooking.
Vitamin D
94
liver and kidneys (think vitamin d)
Calciferol (D3) to Vitamin D

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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