Sensory adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

what are some sensory adaptations

A

-auditory (hearing)
-vision (sight)
-gustation (taste)
-traction (touch)

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2
Q

how does the neuron transmit info

A

-receives stimulus and gets amplified
-moves down the dendrite
-makes electrical signal
-travels up the axon to the next neuron

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3
Q

what is the auditory ability of dogs

A

-dogs can hear at higher frequencies than humans
-40,000 cycles/seconds in dogs (20,000 in humans)
-structure of a dogs ears enable sounds to be heard 4x further than human

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4
Q

auditory pathway of dogs ears

A

external auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane–> malleus incus staples–> oval window membrane–> vestibular canal–> cochlea–> auditory nerve–> brain

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5
Q

auditory testing in dogs

A

-brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing detects unilateral or bilateral deafness
-congenital deafness and adult-onset deafness

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6
Q

hearing range in cats

A

-hearing in an important sense for locating prey and their young when they go astray
-cats can detect sounds up to 80,000hz and as low as 20khz (wider range than dogs)

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7
Q

hearing adaptations in the cat ear

A

-the pinna aids in the detection of sound
-it can rotate up to 180 and they can also move independently
-at a distance of 1 meter a cat can distinguish between two sounds 3 cm apart

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8
Q

vision of dogs

A

-more rods than humans
-3x more sensitive to low light
-movement and shape

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9
Q

different photoreceptors

A

-rods (low intensity, night vision)
-cones (bright light, high intensity light, colour resolution)

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10
Q

how is vision processed

A

-light stimulus
-bounces in back of the eye
-goes to visual cortex of brain

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11
Q

tapetum lucidum

A

-layer of reflective cells behind the retina in cats, dogs, and other animals
-helps capture additional light for night vision
-disadvantage: scatters of light makes it more difficult to resolve details of images

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12
Q

cones in humans vs dogs vs cats

A

-humans have 3 kinds
-dogs have 2 types of cones they dont see red and orange spectrum
-cats have 3 cones but the red + orange in weak

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13
Q

canine field of vision

A

-head shape affects field of vision
-brachycephalic breed- 200
-dolichocephalic breed- 270

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14
Q

depth perception

A

-affected by degree of binocular overlap which is greater in flat-faced dogs
-average binocular vision is dogs is 30-60 degrees
-humans 140 degrees
-wider=less depth perception

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15
Q

vision in cats

A

-cats eyes are large for their size
-set forward to provide a wide field of binocular vision (120)

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16
Q

nictitating membrane

A

-third eyelid
-sits in the corner of their eyes and clears out dust

17
Q

olfactory neurons

A

-olfactory epithelium (olfactory receptor-first order neurons)
-olfactory bulb (mitral cell- second-order neurons)

18
Q

what olfactory organ is an extension of the brain

A

olfactory bulb (mitral cells)

19
Q

olfaction neuron quantity of dogs vs cats vs humans

A

220 M-2billion, 200M, 12-40M

20
Q

length of olfactory epithelium lining nasal passage way of dogs vs cats vs humans

A

150cm2, 20cm2, 3-4cm2

21
Q

sniffing

A

-disrupts normal breathing pattern to allow inhaled molecs to remain in the nasal passage longer
-series of rapid and short inhalations and exhalations

22
Q

olfactory adaptations that dogs have

A

-moist nose
-more independently moving nose (stereoscope)
-slits in the nose to not disrupt air going in when breathing out, new air isn’t diluted
-they know which side nostril the scent is coming from
-shelf of epithelium in nasal cavity

23
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

-composed of a pair of fluid-filled sacs with receptor cells
-present in both dogs and cats
-detects pheromones
-chemoreceptor organ
-first processing stage of the olfactory system
-neural receptors are different than in the main olfactory system
-impulse sent to the brain

24
Q

cat olfactory

A

-olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium are up to 5x more than humans
-have vomeronasal organ
-can have flehmen response
-30-50% exhibit plant-induced olfactory behaviour (cat nip)

25
what does catnip contain
nepetalactone which causes agitation, head shaking, salivation
26
what are the 5 things possible to taste
-sweet -sour -salty -bitter -umami
27
taste in dogs
-dogs have ~1700 taste buds on the tongue; ~9000 in humans -most abundant taste buds are sugar sensitive -second most in acid
28
taste bud mutations in dogs
-NSDTR have disrupted genes for bitter -pug have disrupted genes for sweet
29
taste in cats
-fewer tastebuds ~470 -they use smell and taste in selecting food -can detect salty, bitter, and acidic flavours -limited ability to taste sweet
30
what does the cats filiform papillae help with
rasping the meat from the bone
31
how do dogs drink
-curl their tongue and scoop water into their mouth -throwing water into their mouth and catching it
32
how do cats drink
-curl tongue -tongue doesn't dip below the surface -the tongue touches the surface and creates a column of liquid
33
cat drinking "lapping" cycle
-tongue is lifted drawing liquid up -liquid is trapped in the ruggae (ridges) of the palate -tongue helps trap the liquid -swallowing occurs every 3 to 17 cycles
34
touching in cats
vibrissae (whiskers) are important sensory organ
35
vibrissae in cats
-found on muzzle, above eyes and on the back of the front wrist -movable -provide sensory information about position of prey in dim light -upper and lower rows -3x deeper -used for air movements aswell
36
cats and balance
-vestibular apparatus (ie. semicircular canals) in the inner ear more developed in cats -can walk across fence rails, etc
37
cats falling
-due to great balance -they land feet down almost always -start gaining the skill around 6-7 weeks old
38