Learning processes and trining principals

Question 1

hibituation

Answer 1

-cessation of decrease in response to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure
-learns to ignore certain stimuli
-vacuum cleaner
-doorbell
-kids giggling
-airplanes

Question 2

sensitization

Answer 2

-repeated exposure results in an in crease in responsiveness
-if a puppy/kitten is not calmed or guided to an appropriate response, the response likely will highten

Question 3

what is classical conditioning

Answer 3

-involves learing about relationships between greater then or eq to 2 stimuli
-taught to respond positively or neurally
-at first puppy sees brush
-learns to associate brush with treat
-timing of stimuli is important
-command stimulus should occur right before or overlapping with the desired behaviour
-within one second or less
-clicker is quick so association between behaviour and click
-voice command should be same words in the same tone

Question 4

operant conditioning

Answer 4

-all behaviours are acquired through conditioning
-operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment behaviour
-through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behaviour and a consequence
-pos and neg consequences affect the frequency the animal will do a behaviour in the future
-reinforcement increases behaviour -punishment decreases

Question 5

positive punishment

Answer 5

-sharp word
-swat
-jerk on leash
-shock

Question 6

negative punishment

Answer 6

-stop play
-removing food
-ignoring
-i.e prevention or termination of a pleasant experience

Question 7

positive reinforcement

Answer 7

-food
-praise
-petting
-affectionate eye contact
-opportunity to play

Question 8

negative reinforcment

Answer 8

-collar/leash corrections
-verbal reprimands
-harsh eye contact

Question 9

what kind of training approach works the best

Answer 9

-highest obedience scores and learning for
1) reward-based training
2) a combination of reward and punishment
3) punishment only

Question 10

escape/avoidance approach

Answer 10

-negative reinforcement and punishment
-teaches animal what not to do
-stress or fear may evoke an undesired behaviour

Question 11

positive reinforcement approach

Answer 11

-initial training should involve multiple repetitions with each one rewarded
-reinforcement can gradually become intermittent to maintain the desired behaviour
-teaches animal what TO do
-considered more humane

Question 12

problems with behaviourism

Answer 12

-cant explain all animal behaviour based on operant conditioning
-cant explain language acquisition in children
-“the mind” cant be ignored

Question 13

what is it called when we add human emotion to animals

Answer 13

anthropomorphism

Question 14

aesops fable

Answer 14

-the crow drops pebbles into vessel of water until he is able to drink

Question 15

what characteristics do “smart” animals have

Answer 15

-use of tools
-empathy
-memory
-communication
-self awareness

Question 16

social cognition

Answer 16

-processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group
-acquire, process, store and apply information about social situations

Question 17

dog cognition

Answer 17

-began to study dog cognition in the 1990s
-experiments were the key to understanding dog cognition

Question 18

objective permanence

Answer 18

-understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cant be seen
-jean piaget studied in infants
-objective permanence developed from 8-12 m of age in humans
-starts to develop ~8 weeks in pups

Question 19

memory

Answer 19

-most studies looked at the working memory
-working mem has limited capacity and temporarily holds information available for processing
-hide treat under cup but dont let dog come for it immediately
-research has shown 25 sec delay 80% sucess rate
-240 second 50%
-working mem also decreases with age