ingredients in pet food

Question 1

what ingredients do you need to make a complete diet

Answer 1

-energy ingredients:
grains
fat and oils
byproducts
other
-essential fatty acids
vegtable oils containing linoleic, linolenic acids for dogs
plus animal fats containg arachidonic acid for cats
-proteins
plant seeds
animal byproducts
synthetic AA
-vitamins and minerals
Ca and P
vit and min premixes

Question 2

energy feeds

Answer 2

-cereal grains
-milling by-products
-seed and mill screenings
-molasses and related products
-animals, vegetable fats
-others

Question 3

cereal grains

Answer 3

-usually, highest inclusion rate of any ingredient in most pet foods
-commonly used grains:
rice, corn, wheat, oats

Question 4

rice

Answer 4

-humans consume more then any other crop
-broken grains used in pet food
-low protein (9%) and fat (2%), 80% starch
-3.5 Mcal ME/Kg
-widely used in pet foods because of low allergenicity

Question 5

corn

Answer 5

-low protein (8%), high energy (4.0 Mcal ME/kg) high fat (4%), low fibre
-most important cereal grain for animals world wide
-widely used in pet foods because of low cost and low allergenicity

Question 6

wheat

Answer 6

-target market for wheat is human food;lower grades enter animal feed trade
-no hull so low fibre
-high energy but not as high as corn (3.62 Mcal ME/kg)
-high starch (65%); low oil (2%)
-high protein, mainly gluten which is good for pellet quality
-has potential to be allergenic

Question 7

barley

Answer 7

-sometimes used in pet foods
-has a hull so high in fibre
-3.18% kcal/ ME/kg
-also is rich in soluble fibre which can be beneficial in some cases
-contains 4-7% B-glucans (soluble fibre)
-increase intestinal viscosity and reduce nutrient digestibility

Question 8

oats

Answer 8

-dehulled for pet food (oat groats)
-very palatable
-high soluble fiber (4-5%)
-high oil 4-6%
-crude protein ~12%
-non allergenic
-high in B-glucans

Question 9

corn processing by-products

Answer 9

-corn is fractionated to create:
-starch
-oil
-high fructose core syrup
-corn gluten meal
palatable
cheap
poor aa balance

Question 10

some alternative energy sources

Answer 10

-sweet potatoes
-tapioca
-potato
-cassava
-used to replace grains in diet to reduce allergenicity to grains

Question 11

peas

Answer 11

-increasing popularity for pet foods
-22-29% protein
-35% starch; low glycemic index compared to grains
-peas added to diet can replace protein meal and cereal
-sask represents 60% of the worlds trade in peas

Question 12

issues with grain-free

Answer 12

-found to be linked to dilated cardiomyopathy
-due to low taurine or precursors to produce it (methionine)
-formulated caused issue
-in large dogs

Question 13

animal fats

Answer 13

-rendered products
-tallow
-pork and poultry fat
-conttains arachadonic acid for cats
-palatable

Question 14

vegetable oils

Answer 14

-added to mixtures to improve overall quality
-expensive but highly digestible
-canola, soybean, palm oil
-canola oil is rich in alpha 18:3 n-3
-flaxseed (linseed oil) specifically added to increase

Question 15

fish oil

Answer 15

-highly palatable, especially in cats
-high in very long chain fatty acids including arachadonic acid

Question 16

protein ingredience

Answer 16

-animal protein
-marine protein
-seeds from plants
-fermentation products
-brewery and distillery products
-amino acids

Question 17

pros of meal

Answer 17

-stable and sanitary
-high yield (mass)
-ease of handling, storing, shipping
-versatility (wide use by feed industry)
-organ meats contain unique AA

Question 18

cons of meal

Answer 18

-lost of functionality of proteins
-consumer preception
-lower palatability
-lower protein

Question 19

pros if meat

Answer 19

-high functionality of protein
-high palatability
-high protein, low ash
-consumer preception/marketing

Question 20

cans of meat

Answer 20

-expensive and complex to store
-special feed processing equipment
-high degree of bacteral contamination
-low yield (expensive)

Question 21

what is rendering

Answer 21

-cooking and drying
-continuous flow or batch
-steam cooker
115 deg to 145 deg for 40-90 mins

Question 22

what products get rendered

Answer 22

-offal
-bones and fat
-blood
-animals dead on arrival in transit or on farms
-restaurant grease
-feathers
-recalled meat

Question 23

what does rendering destroy

Answer 23

-all bacteria of food safety concern
-inactivates organisms important to human and animal health:
-foot and mouth
-pseudorabies virus
-bacillus anthracis
-avian influenza

Question 24

digests (hydrolysates)

Answer 24

-common ingredient used in pet foods. as defined by AAFCO it is material which result from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and un-decomposed animal tissue. the animal tissues used shall be exclusive of hair, horns teeth hooves and feathers, except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practices shall be suitable for animal feed

Question 25

soybean mean

Answer 25

-separated into the meal and oil
-meal is 48% protein if the seed was dehulled
-3.7 Mcal ME/kg
-aa balance complements cereal very well
-must be heat treated to destroy trypsin inhibitor (inhibits protein digestion, heat labile so all soybeans are toasted before being fed)
-soybean meal is allergenic
-tannins
-saponins

Question 26

canola meal

Answer 26

-fiber content, low energy (relitive to SBM) limits its use
-limited research
-37.5% CP (solvent extracted)
-3.0 Mcal ME/kg
-40% oil, 60% protein

Question 27

PCBs

Answer 27

airborn compounds (cause cancers)

Question 28

mycotoxins

Answer 28

-secondary metabolites of molds and fungi that infect cereal grains and forages

Question 29

aflatotixin sensitivity of pets

Answer 29

-sensitivity of different pet species to aflotixins expressed as oral LD50 levels varies
-cats 0.55mg/kg of BW, dogs 1mg/kg
-LD50=feed food until 50% of animals die

Question 30

deoxynivalenol (DON) (vomitoxin)

Answer 30

-food intake of dogs was significantly reduced by DON concentrations greater 4.5mg/kg and DON greater 7.7mg/kg reduced cat food intake
-vomiting was observed at the 8 and 10 mg DON levels

Question 31

melamine

Answer 31

-structure C3N6H6
-MW= 127 g/mol
-N in melamine=100* 90/127=71%
-incorporation of 1% melamine in a batch/shipment of an ingredient