ingredients in pet food Flashcards
what ingredients do you need to make a complete diet
-energy ingredients:
grains
fat and oils
byproducts
other
-essential fatty acids
vegtable oils containing linoleic, linolenic acids for dogs
plus animal fats containg arachidonic acid for cats
-proteins
plant seeds
animal byproducts
synthetic AA
-vitamins and minerals
Ca and P
vit and min premixes
energy feeds
-cereal grains
-milling by-products
-seed and mill screenings
-molasses and related products
-animals, vegetable fats
-others
cereal grains
-usually, highest inclusion rate of any ingredient in most pet foods
-commonly used grains:
rice, corn, wheat, oats
rice
-humans consume more then any other crop
-broken grains used in pet food
-low protein (9%) and fat (2%), 80% starch
-3.5 Mcal ME/Kg
-widely used in pet foods because of low allergenicity
corn
-low protein (8%), high energy (4.0 Mcal ME/kg) high fat (4%), low fibre
-most important cereal grain for animals world wide
-widely used in pet foods because of low cost and low allergenicity
wheat
-target market for wheat is human food;lower grades enter animal feed trade
-no hull so low fibre
-high energy but not as high as corn (3.62 Mcal ME/kg)
-high starch (65%); low oil (2%)
-high protein, mainly gluten which is good for pellet quality
-has potential to be allergenic
barley
-sometimes used in pet foods
-has a hull so high in fibre
-3.18% kcal/ ME/kg
-also is rich in soluble fibre which can be beneficial in some cases
-contains 4-7% B-glucans (soluble fibre)
-increase intestinal viscosity and reduce nutrient digestibility
oats
-dehulled for pet food (oat groats)
-very palatable
-high soluble fiber (4-5%)
-high oil 4-6%
-crude protein ~12%
-non allergenic
-high in B-glucans
corn processing by-products
-corn is fractionated to create:
-starch
-oil
-high fructose core syrup
-corn gluten meal
palatable
cheap
poor aa balance
some alternative energy sources
-sweet potatoes
-tapioca
-potato
-cassava
-used to replace grains in diet to reduce allergenicity to grains
peas
-increasing popularity for pet foods
-22-29% protein
-35% starch; low glycemic index compared to grains
-peas added to diet can replace protein meal and cereal
-sask represents 60% of the worlds trade in peas
issues with grain-free
-found to be linked to dilated cardiomyopathy
-due to low taurine or precursors to produce it (methionine)
-formulated caused issue
-in large dogs
animal fats
-rendered products
-tallow
-pork and poultry fat
-conttains arachadonic acid for cats
-palatable
vegetable oils
-added to mixtures to improve overall quality
-expensive but highly digestible
-canola, soybean, palm oil
-canola oil is rich in alpha 18:3 n-3
-flaxseed (linseed oil) specifically added to increase
fish oil
-highly palatable, especially in cats
-high in very long chain fatty acids including arachadonic acid
protein ingredience
-animal protein
-marine protein
-seeds from plants
-fermentation products
-brewery and distillery products
-amino acids
pros of meal
-stable and sanitary
-high yield (mass)
-ease of handling, storing, shipping
-versatility (wide use by feed industry)
-organ meats contain unique AA
cons of meal
-lost of functionality of proteins
-consumer preception
-lower palatability
-lower protein
pros if meat
-high functionality of protein
-high palatability
-high protein, low ash
-consumer preception/marketing
cans of meat
-expensive and complex to store
-special feed processing equipment
-high degree of bacteral contamination
-low yield (expensive)
what is rendering
-cooking and drying
-continuous flow or batch
-steam cooker
115 deg to 145 deg for 40-90 mins
what products get rendered
-offal
-bones and fat
-blood
-animals dead on arrival in transit or on farms
-restaurant grease
-feathers
-recalled meat
what does rendering destroy
-all bacteria of food safety concern
-inactivates organisms important to human and animal health:
-foot and mouth
-pseudorabies virus
-bacillus anthracis
-avian influenza
digests (hydrolysates)
-common ingredient used in pet foods. as defined by AAFCO it is material which result from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and un-decomposed animal tissue. the animal tissues used shall be exclusive of hair, horns teeth hooves and feathers, except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practices shall be suitable for animal feed
soybean mean
-separated into the meal and oil
-meal is 48% protein if the seed was dehulled
-3.7 Mcal ME/kg
-aa balance complements cereal very well
-must be heat treated to destroy trypsin inhibitor (inhibits protein digestion, heat labile so all soybeans are toasted before being fed)
-soybean meal is allergenic
-tannins
-saponins
canola meal
-fiber content, low energy (relitive to SBM) limits its use
-limited research
-37.5% CP (solvent extracted)
-3.0 Mcal ME/kg
-40% oil, 60% protein
PCBs
airborn compounds (cause cancers)
mycotoxins
-secondary metabolites of molds and fungi that infect cereal grains and forages
aflatotixin sensitivity of pets
-sensitivity of different pet species to aflotixins expressed as oral LD50 levels varies
-cats 0.55mg/kg of BW, dogs 1mg/kg
-LD50=feed food until 50% of animals die
deoxynivalenol (DON) (vomitoxin)
-food intake of dogs was significantly reduced by DON concentrations greater 4.5mg/kg and DON greater 7.7mg/kg reduced cat food intake
-vomiting was observed at the 8 and 10 mg DON levels
melamine
-structure C3N6H6
-MW= 127 g/mol
-N in melamine=100* 90/127=71%
-incorporation of 1% melamine in a batch/shipment of an ingredient
