Senses Flashcards
receptive field
area monitored by a specific receptor
general senses
temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (body position)
pain receptors
skin, joints, periosteum, around blood vessels
sensitive to: extreme temperature, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals
types of pain
fast - prickling pain (deep cut, infection)
slow - burning or aching
referred - parts that aren’t injured but are an indicator of something else
special senses
olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), hearing, vision
smell
2 olfactory organs found in superior portion of nasal cavity contain olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptor cells
how do you interpret smells?
take in air
molecules diffuse into mucus
molecules interact with odorant binding proteins found on cilia
binding sends a message to olfactory lobes via special nerve bundles
pattern of receptor activity is smell you receive
taste
gustatory receptors are found over the surface of the tongue, pharynx and larynx in the form of tastebuds
taste hairs
actually microvilli, contain receptors that bind dissolved food molecules. the rest is similar to olfaction
primary taste sensations
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
2 additional tastes
umami- characteristic of beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese
water- receptors in pharynx
taste sensitivity
we are more sensitive to things that tastes bad: survival tactic - bitter and sour things are generally toxic
taste perception
usually correlated with other sensory data
texture of food
taste sensations (hot, spicy, peppery)
you are 1000x to taste if your olfactory organs are working
2 aspects of equilibrium
dynamic - maintains balance when the head/body is moved suddenly
static - maintains posture and stability when the body is motionless
equilibrium
provided by inner ear
informs the body of position in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation
all protected by and fused to temporal bone
filled with fluid called endolymph
lots of receptors occur within inner ear
vestibule
receptors sense gravity and linear acceleration
uses otolith
otolith
crystals shift according to acceleration and gravity
they are relatively dense and heavy
shifting and pressure allow sensations
semicircular canal
stimulated by the rotation of the head (no, yes, and tilt side to side)
dynamic
outer ear
collects and directs sound waves toward the middle ear through the external acoustic canal
otoscope
used to see external ear
middle ear
collect and amplify sound waves
transmits waves to appropriate part of inner ear
includes ear drum (tympanic membrane) and ossicles (bones)
ossicles
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil m)
stairs (stirrup) attaches to oval window of vestibule
sound vibrations are turned into mechanical vibrations
inner ear
cochlear duct provides us with the sense of hearing
pressure causes the perilymph of cochlea to pulse
this stimulates hair fibers
frequency
pitch, determined by which part of the cochlea is stimulated (hertz)
intensity
volume, determined by how many hairs are stimulated (decibels)
organ of corti
where the hair cells are located
steps of hearing
1) sound hits tympanic membrane
2) ossicles move
3) states move oval window causing pressure waves in the perilymph
4) hairs move in organ of corti
5) messages are sent on the nerves to the brain
hearing aids / cochlear implant
ha increase the intensity, ci allows some people to obtain hearing
eye accessory organs
eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal gland (makes tears) , lacrimal duct (drains tears)
conjunctiva
cover inner surface of eyelids and outer surface of eye
mucous membrane
does not include cornea
aqueous humor
pressure from fluid helps maintain shape of the eye, transports nutrients/wastes (found in anterior cavity)
vitreous humor
pressure from fluid helps maintain shape of the tee and keeps layers of posterior cavity stacked on top of each other
cornea
clear tissue that allows light to come into eye
pupil
opening at center of iris
iris
colored part of the eye that dilates and constructs to adjust the amount of light that comes in
dilator and constrictor muscles
lens
focuses picture by changing shape
suspensory ligaments
support lens
ciliary body
muscles to help change shape of lens
sclera
the white of the eye, contains collagen
6 muscles insert here
contains blood vessels
choroid
middle vascular layer in back of eye (pigmented)
retina
absorbs/detects light
photoreceptors
rods
low light photoreceptor
cones
color (red green blue), sharp images, brighter light
fovea centralis
area in eye with the highest concentration of cones
back of eye, just lateral to optic disc and optic nerve
where image naturally hits the back of eye
nerves
rods and cones connect to bipolar cells
bipolar cells connect to ganglion cells
ganglion cell axons leave the eye to become the optic nerve
the optic disc is the part of the optic nerve that is leaving the eye is not light-sensitive (disc=blind spot)
focusing
ciliary muscles pull the lens making it round for close vision
ciliary muscles relax and make the lens flat for distant vision
image formation
because of our lens what we see is miniaturized and flipped upside down and backwards
light from top of an object hits the bottom of the eye and light from the left side of the object hits the right side of the eye
color blindness
1 or more types of cones are missing (red, green, or blue)
myopia
nearsighted
hyperopia
farsighted
cataract
clouding of lens with age
glaucoma
increased pressure within eye
aqueaous humor doesn’t drain properly
