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anatomy > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

receptive field

A

area monitored by a specific receptor

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2
Q

general senses

A

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (body position)

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3
Q

pain receptors

A

skin, joints, periosteum, around blood vessels

sensitive to: extreme temperature, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals

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4
Q

types of pain

A

fast - prickling pain (deep cut, infection)
slow - burning or aching
referred - parts that aren’t injured but are an indicator of something else

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5
Q

special senses

A

olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), hearing, vision

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6
Q

smell

A

2 olfactory organs found in superior portion of nasal cavity contain olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptor cells

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7
Q

how do you interpret smells?

A

take in air
molecules diffuse into mucus
molecules interact with odorant binding proteins found on cilia
binding sends a message to olfactory lobes via special nerve bundles
pattern of receptor activity is smell you receive

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8
Q

taste

A

gustatory receptors are found over the surface of the tongue, pharynx and larynx in the form of tastebuds

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9
Q

taste hairs

A

actually microvilli, contain receptors that bind dissolved food molecules. the rest is similar to olfaction

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10
Q

primary taste sensations

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

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11
Q

2 additional tastes

A

umami- characteristic of beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese
water- receptors in pharynx

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12
Q

taste sensitivity

A

we are more sensitive to things that tastes bad: survival tactic - bitter and sour things are generally toxic

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13
Q

taste perception

A

usually correlated with other sensory data
texture of food
taste sensations (hot, spicy, peppery)
you are 1000x to taste if your olfactory organs are working

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14
Q

2 aspects of equilibrium

A

dynamic - maintains balance when the head/body is moved suddenly
static - maintains posture and stability when the body is motionless

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15
Q

equilibrium

A

provided by inner ear
informs the body of position in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation
all protected by and fused to temporal bone
filled with fluid called endolymph
lots of receptors occur within inner ear

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16
Q

vestibule

A

receptors sense gravity and linear acceleration

uses otolith

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17
Q

otolith

A

crystals shift according to acceleration and gravity
they are relatively dense and heavy
shifting and pressure allow sensations

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18
Q

semicircular canal

A

stimulated by the rotation of the head (no, yes, and tilt side to side)
dynamic

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19
Q

outer ear

A

collects and directs sound waves toward the middle ear through the external acoustic canal

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20
Q

otoscope

A

used to see external ear

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21
Q

middle ear

A

collect and amplify sound waves
transmits waves to appropriate part of inner ear
includes ear drum (tympanic membrane) and ossicles (bones)

22
Q

ossicles

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil m)
stairs (stirrup) attaches to oval window of vestibule
sound vibrations are turned into mechanical vibrations

23
Q

inner ear

A

cochlear duct provides us with the sense of hearing
pressure causes the perilymph of cochlea to pulse
this stimulates hair fibers

24
Q

frequency

A

pitch, determined by which part of the cochlea is stimulated (hertz)

25
Q

intensity

A

volume, determined by how many hairs are stimulated (decibels)

26
Q

organ of corti

A

where the hair cells are located

27
Q

steps of hearing

A

1) sound hits tympanic membrane
2) ossicles move
3) states move oval window causing pressure waves in the perilymph
4) hairs move in organ of corti
5) messages are sent on the nerves to the brain

28
Q

hearing aids / cochlear implant

A

ha increase the intensity, ci allows some people to obtain hearing

29
Q

eye accessory organs

A

eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal gland (makes tears) , lacrimal duct (drains tears)

30
Q

conjunctiva

A

cover inner surface of eyelids and outer surface of eye
mucous membrane
does not include cornea

31
Q

aqueous humor

A

pressure from fluid helps maintain shape of the eye, transports nutrients/wastes (found in anterior cavity)

32
Q

vitreous humor

A

pressure from fluid helps maintain shape of the tee and keeps layers of posterior cavity stacked on top of each other

33
Q

cornea

A

clear tissue that allows light to come into eye

34
Q

pupil

A

opening at center of iris

35
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye that dilates and constructs to adjust the amount of light that comes in
dilator and constrictor muscles

36
Q

lens

A

focuses picture by changing shape

37
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

support lens

38
Q

ciliary body

A

muscles to help change shape of lens

39
Q

sclera

A

the white of the eye, contains collagen
6 muscles insert here
contains blood vessels

40
Q

choroid

A

middle vascular layer in back of eye (pigmented)

41
Q

retina

A

absorbs/detects light

photoreceptors

42
Q

rods

A

low light photoreceptor

43
Q

cones

A

color (red green blue), sharp images, brighter light

44
Q

fovea centralis

A

area in eye with the highest concentration of cones
back of eye, just lateral to optic disc and optic nerve
where image naturally hits the back of eye

45
Q

nerves

A

rods and cones connect to bipolar cells
bipolar cells connect to ganglion cells
ganglion cell axons leave the eye to become the optic nerve
the optic disc is the part of the optic nerve that is leaving the eye is not light-sensitive (disc=blind spot)

46
Q

focusing

A

ciliary muscles pull the lens making it round for close vision
ciliary muscles relax and make the lens flat for distant vision

47
Q

image formation

A

because of our lens what we see is miniaturized and flipped upside down and backwards
light from top of an object hits the bottom of the eye and light from the left side of the object hits the right side of the eye

48
Q

color blindness

A

1 or more types of cones are missing (red, green, or blue)

49
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted

50
Q

hyperopia

A

farsighted

51
Q

cataract

A

clouding of lens with age

52
Q

glaucoma

A

increased pressure within eye

aqueaous humor doesn’t drain properly

anatomy (19 decks)

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