o chem

Question 1

percentages of key elements in body

Answer 1

oxygen: 65%
carbon: 18.6%
hydrogen: 9.7%
nitrogen: 3.2%

Question 2

ionic bond

Answer 2

transfer electron (weak)

Question 3

covalent bond

Answer 3

sharing electrons (strong)

Question 4

enzymes

Answer 4

catalysts - speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Question 5

endergonic

Answer 5

more energy is required to start the reaction than is released (energy absorbed)

Question 6

exergonic

Answer 6

amount of E released is greater than activation energy (E released)

Question 7

solution

Answer 7

uniform mixture of solvent and solute

Question 8

acid

Answer 8

releases H+ in solution

Question 9

base

Answer 9

removes H+ from solution

Question 10

buffer

Answer 10

neutralizes small amounts of acids and bases

Question 11

electrolytes

Answer 11

Inorganic compounds whose ions can conduct electricity

Question 12

4 organic macromolecules

Answer 12

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA

all are hydrocarbons

Question 13

hydrolysis

Answer 13

breaks macromolecules (adds water)

Question 14

dehydration

Answer 14

creates macromolecules and water (removes water)

Question 15

organic compounds have

Answer 15

C backbones and are different based on what is on those backbones

Question 16

carbohydrates

Answer 16

all kinds of sugars, simple or complex. used to make energy to fuel chemical reactions

Question 17

ratio of elements in a carbohydrates

Answer 17

C H O 1:2:1

Question 18

monosaccharide

Answer 18

monomer of carbohydrates

Question 19

monosaccharide examples

Answer 19

glucose, galactose (6 sided ring)

ribose, deoxyribose, fructose (5 sided ring)

Question 20

disaccharides

Answer 20

2 monosaccharides stuck together

example: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 21

polysaccharides

Answer 21

composed of hundreds of monosaccharides molecules

Question 22

complex carbs

Answer 22

used to store unused energy

animals: glycogen
plants: starch

Question 23

lipids

Answer 23

fats, oils, waxes

contain twice the E of carbs

Question 24

fatty acid

Answer 24

monomer of lipid

Question 25

saturated fat

Answer 25

saturated fat-carbon backbone has no double bonds (full of H = easily stacked)

Question 26

unsaturated fat

Answer 26

some H atoms are missing and there are double bonds instead (difficult to stack)

Question 27

polyunsaturated

Answer 27

fatty acid with many double bonds - healthiest

Question 28

trans fat

Answer 28

fat with double bonds where H is on either side of the bond - behave like saturated fats

Question 29

triglycerides

Answer 29

form of fat that gets transported through the body for storage -can come from food or be made by body

Question 30

cholesterol

Answer 30

type of fat that is a steroid | can harden arteries if there too much

Question 31

good kind of cholesterol vs bad kind

Answer 31

bad: LDL good: HDL

Question 32

steroids

Answer 32

identifiable by 4 rings | cholesterol to progesterone to testosterone to estrogen

Question 33

anabolic steroids

Answer 33

to build up | synthesizes testosterones used to build up muscles

Question 34

phospholipid

Answer 34

used to make up the phospholipid bilayer or the cell membrane

Question 35

amino acids

Answer 35

most abundant organic compound - 20 kinds of them building blocks tons of functions CHON with some SPFe

Question 36

peptide bonds

Answer 36

hold amino acids together

Question 37

polypeptide

Answer 37

short chain of amino acid

Question 38

proteins

Answer 38

many polypeptides put together

Question 39

important polypeptides

Answer 39

collagen, keratin, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin, enzyme

Question 40

collagen

Answer 40

tendons, ligaments, cartilage - structural proteins

Question 41

keratin

Answer 41

hair, nails, skin - structural protein

Question 42

hemoglobin

Answer 42

allows blood to carry O2 - transport protein

Question 43

immunoglobulin

Answer 43

antibodies - defensive proteins

Question 44

native

Answer 44

natural 3-D folding has occurred

Question 45

denatured

Answer 45

a protein that has usually lost its 3-D shape which usually kills or changes its function

Question 46

nucleic acids

Answer 46

DNA and RNA

Question 47

nitrogenous bases

Answer 47

cytosine =_ guanine | adenine = thymine

Question 48

nucleotide

Answer 48

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base building block of

Question 49

DNA

Answer 49

instructions

Question 50

RNA

Answer 50

assembles the proteins (many forms of RNA )

Question 51

cellular respiration

Answer 51

taking energy from carbs / fats and turning them into usable energy for chemical reactions - takes place in mitochondria

Question 52

ATP

Answer 52

adenosine triphosphate | molecule with stored energy between phosphates