bone physiology

Question 1

bone functions

Answer 1

support weight of body
body position and movement
protection
mineral storage 
blood and fat production

Question 2

bone characteristics

Answer 2

light, but stronger than reinforced concrete / can be remodeled or reshaped depending on metabolism or activity

Question 3

2/3 of bones weight

Answer 3

calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

Question 4

1/3 of bone weight

Answer 4

collagen fibers

Question 5

2% of bone weight?

Answer 5

cells like osteocytes

Question 6

4 categories of bone

Answer 6

short, long, irregular, flat

Question 7

short bones

Answer 7

length and width are close to equal (phalanges)

Question 8

long bone

Answer 8

longer than they are wide (femur, humerus)

Question 9

irregular bone

Answer 9

complex shapes (vertebrae, sphenoid)

Question 10

flat bones

Answer 10

thin and broad (occipital, sternum)

Question 11

diaphysis

Answer 11

shaft with marrow cavity inside

Question 12

bone marrow

Answer 12

red marrow makes blood

yellow marrow makes fat

Question 13

epiphysis

Answer 13

expanded portions at each end of the long bone

Question 14

compact bone

Answer 14

where the bone is relatively solid

Question 15

spongy bone

Answer 15

has air spaces within it

trabecula are the crossbars

Question 16

periosteum

Answer 16

outer layer of bone which interacts with tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

Question 17

endosteum

Answer 17

inner layer of compact bone

Question 18

osteocytes

Answer 18

maintenance - mature bones cells, regulate calcium, aid in repair

Question 19

osteoclasts

Answer 19

dissolve bone

Question 20

osteoblasts

Answer 20

produce new bone

Question 21

remodeling

Answer 21

the process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts breaking down and rebuilding bones

Question 22

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 22

brittle bone disease - fragile and break easily

Question 23

epiphyseal plates

Answer 23

growth plates - at end of diaphysis - continue growth in length - close by age 18 in girls and 20 in guys

Question 24

simple or closed fractures

Answer 24

fractures where skin is intact

Question 25

compound or open fractures

Answer 25

fracture that creates wound in which bone is exposed

Question 26

greenstick fracture

Answer 26

incomplete break in bone (like a broken stick still connected)

Question 27

fissured fracture

Answer 27

incomplete longitudinal break (crack)

Question 28

comminuted fracture

Answer 28

complete break that creates bone fragments (shatter)

Question 29

transverse fracture

Answer 29

complete break perpendicular to axis of bone (like being chopped in half)

Question 30

oblique fracture

Answer 30

fracture occurs at angle with axis of bone

Question 31

spiral fracture

Answer 31

caused by twisting bone excessively (candy cane)

Question 32

bone repair steps

Answer 32

1) hematoma forms from ruptured vessels
2) chondrocytes make cartilage and ossification centers move in
3) osteocytes form spongy bone and then compact bone

Question 33

osteoarthritis

Answer 33

“wear and tear” arthritis - injury related - nearly everyone develops this later in life

Question 34

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 34

inflammatory disease - some RA is autoimmune disorder - can affect all ages

Question 35

firbrodisplasia ossificans progressiva

Answer 35

muscle turns to bone

Question 36

scoliosis

Answer 36

lateral curvature of vertebral column

Question 37

kyphosis

Answer 37

thoracic vertebral curvature, either anterior or posterior

Question 38

lordosis

Answer 38

lumbar vertebral curvature, either anterior or posterior

Question 39

osteoporosis

Answer 39

reduction in bone mass

Question 40

bone formation

Answer 40

chondrocytes make cartilage
ossification center form in diaphysis and calcification begins
blood vessels show up