respiratory system Flashcards
cellular respiration chemical reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡️ 6CO2 + 6 H2O and ATP
functions of respiratory system
large surface area of gas exchange moving air in/out of lungs keeping lungs moist, warm, and free of debris/pathogens speech sense of smell
why does nose run?
condensation, defense against pathogens and dust, allergies
pharynx
common passageway for food and air
larynx
contains voice box, epiglottis, thyroid
protected by cartilage
creates protrusion called Adam’s apple
trachea
protected and held open by C shaped cartilage rings
flexible to allow masses of food to go through esophagus
bronchi
branches into left and right primary bronchi
ciliates with C shaped cartilage rings
bronchi are further divided into secondary and tertiary (~1 mm in diameter)
most blockages show up in which lung?
right because right primary bronchi has steeper angle
bronchiole
size regulates air pressure
capable of stimulating ANS and causing bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
asthma
bronchioles constrict so much that airflow is almost completely blocked
can be caused by allergies, cold air, exertion, or stress.
symptoms: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightening
Tx: bronchodilators
alveoli
about 150 mil alveoli per lung
give lungs spungy appearance
only place that gas exchange can take place
capillary network wraps around them
gas exchange
takes place by simple diffusion
diffusion: movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
tissue in lungs
simple squamous
alveolar macrophages
WBC that gobble up dust and debris
surfactant
holds alveoli open and lowers surface tension
pneumonia
inflammation of the alveolar clusters
usually caused by normal flora bacteria from mouth and throat
bronchioles constrict
fluids leak into alveoli
lungs
right side - 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
left - 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
each side has its own pleural cavity filled with fluid for lubrication
pneumothorax
when air gets into the pleural cavity due to injury
collapses lung
air needs to be removed and wound sealed off
hemothorax
blood fills pleural cavity
collapses lung
blood needs to be drained and wound sealed
smoking
3 most dangerous substances are: tar, nicotine, and CO
tar damages lung tissue
nicotine and CO damages the heart and BV
a few puffs of smoke
paralyzed macrophages, paralyzed cilia, extra mucous/tar clogs alveoli
regular smoking
kills: cilia, alveoli, macrophages(causes infections)
lifetime smokers
emphysema: so many alveoli are dead it is hard to support like life
cancers
inspiration
diaphragm contracts, rectus abdominus relaxes, ribs/sternum are elevated and lungs expand
expiration
diaphragm relaxes, rectus abdominus contracts, ribs/sternum return to normal, and lungs deflate
tidal volume
amount of air you move with normal breathing
residual volume
the air that is always in your lungs - about 1.5 liters
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that you can inhale beyond the normal tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air you can forcefully exhale beyond the tidal volume
vital capacity
the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the respiratory system
