blood

Question 1

functions of blood

Answer 1

transport, regulate ph, clotting at wounds, defense against pathogens and toxins, regulate body temp

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

55% of blood - fluid connective tissue matrix

Question 3

formed elements

Answer 3

solids: cells/cell fragments suspended in plasma - 45% of blood

Question 4

amount of blood a person has

Answer 4

adult male: 5-6 liters

adult female: 4-5 liters

Question 5

venipuncture

Answer 5

blood collection from thin walled superficial veins - low BP, blood appears dark red

Question 6

arterial puncture

Answer 6

blood removed from artery - evaluate gas exchange

pulse oximetry can get same info

Question 7

average pulse at rest

Answer 7

70-80 bpm

Question 8

plasma composition

Answer 8

92% water, lots of dissolved proteins (liver) 1. albumins 2. globulins 3. fibrinogens

Question 9

albumins

Answer 9

osmotic balance

Question 10

globulins

Answer 10

antibodies

Question 11

fibrinogen

Answer 11

blood clotting

Question 12

formed elements composition

Answer 12

erythrocytes - transport gases
leukocytes - fight pathogens
platelets - clot blood

Question 13

hemopoiesis

Answer 13

erythropoiesis/leukopoiesis

• blood created by yolk sac of developing fetus
• liver and spleen make blood months 2-5
• 5+ months red bone marrow

Question 14

erythropoietin

Answer 14

EPO - this and other hormones stimulate the process of hemopoiesis

Question 15

erythrocytes

Answer 15

lose nucleus during development

1 microliter of blood contains: 5.4 mil RBC’s in average male and 4.5 mil in female

Question 16

hematocrit

Answer 16

percent of whole blood that is cellular elements (normal: 37-54%)
male avg- 46%, female avg - 42%

Question 17

hemoglobin

Answer 17

RBC - carry O2 and CO2
interacts with gases and gives blood its color (Fe)
is recycled when RBC dies after 120 day life span

Question 18

hemolysis

Answer 18

RBC’s die after 120 day life span

Question 19

sickle cell anemia

Answer 19

cause by mutation in gene that creates hemoglobin - in low O2 situations the cell changes shape - doesn’t affect its ability to carry O2 - makes blood cells fragile and less likely to through a capillary (stuck)

Question 20

universal donor

Answer 20

O-

Question 21

universal recipient

Answer 21

AB+

Question 22

agglutination reaction

Answer 22

when antibody attaches to antigen it opposes a clump forms

Question 23

genetics of blood types

Answer 23

A and B at co dominant and dominant over O

Rh is dominant

Question 24

Rh incompatibility danger in newborn

Answer 24

if mom is negative and baby is positive, baby’s Rh antigens enter mom during birth and mom makes antibodies against Rh. if later baby is Rh+, moms antibodies attack and destroy its RBC’s

Question 25

treatments for the Rh baby thing

Answer 25

mom can be given meds that stop her making antibodies and later babies can be given complete blood transfusion

Question 26

leukocytes

Answer 26

larger, fewer, 5 types 1 microliter of blood contains 6000-9000 WBCs many operate outside of blood steam in lymphatic and connective tissue amoeboid movement phagocytosis

Question 27

neutrophil

Answer 27

type of WBC - phagocyte (most common)

Question 28

eosinophil

Answer 28

type of WBC - parasites, allergies

Question 29

basophil

Answer 29

rarest type of WBC - inflammatory response

Question 30

monocyte

Answer 30

type of WBC - phagocytes, healing

Question 31

lymphocytes

Answer 31

type of WBC- protect, make antibodies

Question 32

CBC

Answer 32

compete blood count - examines RBCs in different stages of development and hemoglobin content

Question 33

differential count

Answer 33

number of each type of WBC in a sample (very high counts signify infection or leukemia)

Question 34

platelets

Answer 34

formed from large megakaryocytes which fragment into packets of cytoplasm initiate clotting process help close injured blood vessels normal is 150,000-500,000 per microliter of blood

Question 35

hemostasis (clotting)

Answer 35

vascular phase platelet phase coagulation phase

Question 36

stopping the loss of blood

Answer 36

complex series of events involving 1. spasms of injured blood vessel 2. attachment of platelets to form plug 3. coagulation which converts circulating fibrinogen protein to insoluble fibrin threads (using a cascade of clotting factors)

Question 37

problems in hemostasis

Answer 37

too little = hemophilia | too much = thrombus (stationary clot) or embolus (moving clot)