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Biology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

Units 1-7

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1
Q

What is biology?

Unit 1

A

the study of all living things

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2
Q

What is a cell?

Unit 1

A

the smallest unit of an organism considered to be living

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3
Q

What is the correct order in the organization of living things from smallest to largest?

Unit 1

A

cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
population

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4
Q

What by homeostasis?

Unit 1

A

the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions despite changing environmental conditions

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5
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method in order?

Unit 1

A
  1. Observation: noticing the little details and observing a problem
  2. Ask a question: use observations to identify the problem that needs solving
  3. .Form a Hypothesis: create a possible explanation for an event
  4. Experiment: perform a test that supports or disproves your hypothesis with data and details recorded during a repeatable experiment
  5. Conclusion: analyze results, either accept or reject your hypothesis or accept with modifications, and decide whether to go back to step 3
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6
Q

give an example of a hypothesis

Unit 1

A

(if, then statement)
IF a plant receives more sunlight, THEN it will grow taller

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7
Q

What is a variable?

Unit 1

A

a factor that can change in an experiment, only one can change to be considered a valid experiment

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8
Q

3 types of variables

Unit 1

A
  • Independent: what you control/change and test during the experiment (IF)
  • Dependent: what you observe, what changes because of the independent variable (THEN)
  • Control: factor that doesn’t change at all, stays the same throughout experiment
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9
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

Unit 1

A

experiment where only one factor is changed at a time, while others are kept constant

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10
Q

Competition and Predation with an example

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

Comp: two organims comptete for the same resource
* elk and elk for food/grass
* wolf and fox for rabbit

Pred: one animmal hunts and consumes another
* wolf and rabbit
* bird and grasshopper

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11
Q

what factors would reduce competition in a species

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

more resources (food, space, shelter), less of the species/population, or part of the species evolves to use a different resource that the other part

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12
Q

What is symbiosis

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

a close relationship between 2 organisms of a different species where at least one species benfits

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13
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

Mutualism: both organisms benefit
* bacteria in intestines
* bees and flowers

Parasitism: one organism benefits and the other is harmed
* mosquito and human
* tik and dog

Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is not affected
* mushroom and tall tree
* Whales and barnacles

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14
Q

Niche

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

the role of a species, it’s physical home, or necessities for survival
* owls are nocturnal and hunt at night

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15
Q

Habitat

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

the environmnet or certain traits of the places where a certain species lives
* great horned owls live in woodlands or cliffs at the edge of forests

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16
Q

Autotroph vs Heterotroph

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

Autotroph: males its own food using energy from the sun
* plants, grass, trees, bushes

Heterotroph: obtains energy by consuming other living organisms
* owl, bird, grasshopper, other animals

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17
Q

Carnivore, Herbivore, Omnivore, Detrivore

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

Carnivore: an organism that only consumes meat
* wolf, snake etc.

Herbivore: consumes plants and other living, organic matter
* grasshopper, sloth, deer, rabbit

Omnivore: consumes both plants and animals
* bears, humans

Detrivore: organisms that consume dead and decaying organic matter
* worms, snails

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18
Q

Decomposer

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

organism that breaks down waste or dead and decaying matter
* worms, some fungi, most detrivores

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19
Q

food chain vs food web

Unit 2 - Ecology

A

**food chain: ** singular path that energy flows through an ecosystem
* sun-grass-grasshopper-bird-fox

food web: all the ways energy flows through an ecosystem, shows interrelated food chains
* sun, grass, grasshopper, wolf, bunny, snake, robin (all interconnected with lines showing direction of energy flow)

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20
Q

Electron, Neutron, and Proton

Unit 3 - Biochemistry

A

Electron:negatively charged subatomic particle outside the nucleus in the electron cloud
Neutron: subatomic particle with no charge inside the nucleus
Proton:positively charged subatomic particle inside the nucleus that determines the atomic number and element

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21
Q

atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass

Unit 3 - Biochemistry

A

atmoic # :determined by counting the # of protons in the nucleus, which tells us what type of element it is
mass # : determined by the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom
atomic mass: the average atomic mass of all isotopes of each element, usually close to the mass #

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22
Q

covalent bond vs. ionic bond

Unit 3 - Biochemistry

A

covalent:always between 2 nonmetals, when chemical bonds form from the SHARING of electrons
ionic: always between a nonmetal and metal, where chemical bonds form from the TRANSFER of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal

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23
Q

Cell Theory

Unit 4 - Cells

A
  1. all organims are made up of one or ore cells
  2. cells are the most basic unit of life
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
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24
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Unit 4 - Cells

A

Prokaryote: cells that do NOT contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
* bacteria and unicellular organisms

Eukaryote:cells that DO contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
* plant and animal cells

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25
Q

3 main functions of the nucleus

Unit 4 - Cells

A
  1. control all cell activities
  2. hold DNA (genetic materal)
  3. control protein/enzyme synthesis and ribosome manufacturing
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26
Q

Mitochondria

Unit 4 - Cells

A

organelle in the cell that synthesizes ATP through respiration

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27
Q

Cytoplasm

Unit 4 - Cells

A

surrounds organelles and nucleus and allows materials to move around within the cell

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28
Q

Chloroplast

Unit 4 - Cells

A

supplies energy to plant cells using sunlight and water

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Unit 4 - Cells

A

recieves, packages, and sends materials throughout or outside of the cell

30
Q

ribosome

Unit 4 - Cells

A

synthesizes/creates proteins through translation of mRNA

31
Q

Cell Membrane

Unit 4 - Cells

A

semipermeable, controls what enters and exits the cell

32
Q

Endoplastic Reticulum (ER)

Unit 4 - Cells

A
  • creates proteins(rough er) and lipids(smooth er)
  • transports materials throughout the cell
  • processes macromolecules and modifies toxic chemicals
33
Q

nuclear envelope

Unit 4 - Cells

A

surrounds the neucleus, which surrunds the nucleolus

34
Q

Lysosome

Unit 4 - Cells

A

organelle that contians digestive enzymes and digests old cell material and waste

35
Q

centriole

Unit 4 - Cells

A

organizing microtubuals that help with cell division

36
Q

Animal vs. Plant Cells

Unit 4 - Cells

A
  • Animal cells have mitochondria. centrosomes, lysosomes, and small vacuoles, and cell membrane
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast, and larger central vacuole
  • They both have nucleus, vacuoles, macromolecules, and eukaryotes
37
Q

What is a solution, solute, and solvent?

Unit 4 - Cells

A

Solution:mixture of a solute and solvent
ex: koolaide or salt water
Solvent:the particle that does the dissolving of the solute
ex: water that dissolved koolaide powder
Solute:the partocle that is dissolved in a solvent
ex: koolaide powder

38
Q

What is passive transport and examples?

Unit 4 - Cells

A

no energy required to move molecules through the membrane
ex: diffusion and osmosis

39
Q

What is active transport?

Unit 4 - Cells

A

requires energy (ATP) to move molecules
ex: exocytosis endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis)

40
Q

Osmosis

type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient

Unit 4 - Cells

A
  • water molecules
  • passive
  • with concentration gradient
  • movement of water across a the semipermeable cell membrane
41
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Unit 4 - Cells

type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient

A
  • carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, ions
  • passive
  • with conc. grad.
  • requires help of carrier proteins to move molecules from high to low concentration
42
Q

Diffusion

Unit 4 - Cells

type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient

A
  • smaller molecules
  • passive
  • with concentraiton gradient
  • movement from area of high to low concentration gradient until equilibrium
43
Q

Endocytosis

Unit 4 - Cells

type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient

A
  • large extracellular/protein molecules
  • acitive
  • against
  • movement from outside to inside of cell
44
Q

Exocytosis

Unit 4 - Cells

type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient

A
  • waste/proteins
  • active
  • agianst
  • movement from inside to outside of cell, packaged in golgi apparatus
45
Q

parts of a nucleotide

Unit 5 - DNA and RNA

A

phosphate
deoxyribose
nitrogen base (adenine or guanine-purines, thymine or cytosine-pyrimadines)

46
Q

DNA replication

A

happens during the s (synthesis) phase of interphase, where DNA is unzipped and connected with new matching bases to form 2 new chains with half old and half new parts

47
Q

Transcription

A
  • nucleus of the cell
  • DNa unzipped and gentic info copies to a new strand of mRNA that carries the genetic info from DNA
48
Q

Translation

A
  • ribose in cytoplasm
  • mRNA language (nucleic acid) translated to protein language (amino acid)
49
Q

what is a codon

A

a group of 3 bases on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

50
Q

anticodon

A

in tRNA, a group of 3 matching bases that complement a specific mRNA codon to match an amino acid to the correct codon

51
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose
  2. DNA is a double helix and RNa is a single strang
  3. different base pairs (uracil in RNA and thymine in DNA)
52
Q

2 types of mutations

A
  1. point mutation: gene, where a change in one nucliotide, usually a base sibstituted for another, sometimes becomes stop codon
  2. frameshift mutation: gene, deletion or addition of nucleotides causes the disruption of codons that shift the reading frame during translation
53
Q

Chromosomal mutations

deletion, duplicaiton, inversion, translocation

A
  1. deletion: a chormosome breaks and a piece of it is lost
  2. duplication
    : part of a chromosome break off and is incorperated into it’s homologous chromosome
  3. inversion: part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around, and reattaches in reverse order
  4. Translocaiton: part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a differnt, nonhomologous chromosome
54
Q

purpose for mitosis

Unit 6 - Cell Division

A

growth and development or repair by mkaing identical somatic cells used in living organisms

55
Q

meiosis

A

produces 4 haploid, gamete daughter cells for reproduction that recieve half the origional DNA from each parent

56
Q

Cell Cycle

A
  • 90% interphase (G1, S, G2)
  • 10% mitosis/cytokinesis (nuclear division)
57
Q

interphase

A
  1. G0: quiescence, or reversable state of rest
  2. G1: growth and development
  3. S: synthesis, DNA is replicated
  4. G2: synthesis or organelles
58
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condnse and become visible, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and spindle fibers form

59
Q

metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

60
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

61
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms and cytokinesis happens to fully split cell into 2 new daughter cells
* in plant cells a cell wall forms and cytokinesis doesn’t fully split the cells apart yet

62
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis, prophase 1, where sister chromosomes thicken and join together

63
Q

describe process

Unit 7 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A
  1. light dependent:light and water go into the thylakoids, which together in stacks form grana and produce oxygen, while ADP and NADP+ +P is turned into ATP and NADPH,
  2. light independent/calvin cycle: ATP and NADPH turned to ADP and NADP+ +P, which Carbon Dioxide is turned into Glucose/sugar in the stroma(fluid inside chloroplast)
64
Q

ATP/ADP

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates (3 or 2)

65
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2+ ATP

66
Q

why are plant cells green

A

enzyme called chlorphyll reflects green light and absorbs all other colors

67
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
1. Glycolysis:(cytoplasm) glucose, 2ATP, 2NAD+ turn into 2NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP (2 ATP total)
2. Krebs Cycle:(Mitochondrial membrane)2 pyruvate, 8 NAD+, 2FAD turned into 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NAD+, 2FADH2
3. ETC:(mitochondrial matrix/cistae)10NADH, 6O2, 2FADH2 turn into H20, 32-34 ATP, 2 FAD, 10 NAD+

68
Q

fermentation

A
  • lactic acid: muscle cells and during rapid exercise
  • alcoholic: bacteria and yeast to make beer and wine

Biology (21 decks)

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