Semester 1 Final Flashcards
Units 1-7
What is biology?
Unit 1
the study of all living things
What is a cell?
Unit 1
the smallest unit of an organism considered to be living
What is the correct order in the organization of living things from smallest to largest?
Unit 1
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
population
What by homeostasis?
Unit 1
the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions despite changing environmental conditions
What are the steps of the Scientific Method in order?
Unit 1
- Observation: noticing the little details and observing a problem
- Ask a question: use observations to identify the problem that needs solving
- .Form a Hypothesis: create a possible explanation for an event
- Experiment: perform a test that supports or disproves your hypothesis with data and details recorded during a repeatable experiment
- Conclusion: analyze results, either accept or reject your hypothesis or accept with modifications, and decide whether to go back to step 3
give an example of a hypothesis
Unit 1
(if, then statement)
IF a plant receives more sunlight, THEN it will grow taller
What is a variable?
Unit 1
a factor that can change in an experiment, only one can change to be considered a valid experiment
3 types of variables
Unit 1
- Independent: what you control/change and test during the experiment (IF)
- Dependent: what you observe, what changes because of the independent variable (THEN)
- Control: factor that doesn’t change at all, stays the same throughout experiment
What is a controlled experiment?
Unit 1
experiment where only one factor is changed at a time, while others are kept constant
Competition and Predation with an example
Unit 2 - Ecology
Comp: two organims comptete for the same resource
* elk and elk for food/grass
* wolf and fox for rabbit
Pred: one animmal hunts and consumes another
* wolf and rabbit
* bird and grasshopper
what factors would reduce competition in a species
Unit 2 - Ecology
more resources (food, space, shelter), less of the species/population, or part of the species evolves to use a different resource that the other part
What is symbiosis
Unit 2 - Ecology
a close relationship between 2 organisms of a different species where at least one species benfits
3 types of symbiotic relationships
Unit 2 - Ecology
Mutualism: both organisms benefit
* bacteria in intestines
* bees and flowers
Parasitism: one organism benefits and the other is harmed
* mosquito and human
* tik and dog
Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is not affected
* mushroom and tall tree
* Whales and barnacles
Niche
Unit 2 - Ecology
the role of a species, it’s physical home, or necessities for survival
* owls are nocturnal and hunt at night
Habitat
Unit 2 - Ecology
the environmnet or certain traits of the places where a certain species lives
* great horned owls live in woodlands or cliffs at the edge of forests
Autotroph vs Heterotroph
Unit 2 - Ecology
Autotroph: males its own food using energy from the sun
* plants, grass, trees, bushes
Heterotroph: obtains energy by consuming other living organisms
* owl, bird, grasshopper, other animals
Carnivore, Herbivore, Omnivore, Detrivore
Unit 2 - Ecology
Carnivore: an organism that only consumes meat
* wolf, snake etc.
Herbivore: consumes plants and other living, organic matter
* grasshopper, sloth, deer, rabbit
Omnivore: consumes both plants and animals
* bears, humans
Detrivore: organisms that consume dead and decaying organic matter
* worms, snails
Decomposer
Unit 2 - Ecology
organism that breaks down waste or dead and decaying matter
* worms, some fungi, most detrivores
food chain vs food web
Unit 2 - Ecology
**food chain: ** singular path that energy flows through an ecosystem
* sun-grass-grasshopper-bird-fox
food web: all the ways energy flows through an ecosystem, shows interrelated food chains
* sun, grass, grasshopper, wolf, bunny, snake, robin (all interconnected with lines showing direction of energy flow)
Electron, Neutron, and Proton
Unit 3 - Biochemistry
Electron:negatively charged subatomic particle outside the nucleus in the electron cloud
Neutron: subatomic particle with no charge inside the nucleus
Proton:positively charged subatomic particle inside the nucleus that determines the atomic number and element
atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass
Unit 3 - Biochemistry
atmoic # :determined by counting the # of protons in the nucleus, which tells us what type of element it is
mass # : determined by the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom
atomic mass: the average atomic mass of all isotopes of each element, usually close to the mass #
covalent bond vs. ionic bond
Unit 3 - Biochemistry
covalent:always between 2 nonmetals, when chemical bonds form from the SHARING of electrons
ionic: always between a nonmetal and metal, where chemical bonds form from the TRANSFER of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal
Cell Theory
Unit 4 - Cells
- all organims are made up of one or ore cells
- cells are the most basic unit of life
- all cells come from preexisting cells
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Unit 4 - Cells
Prokaryote: cells that do NOT contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
* bacteria and unicellular organisms
Eukaryote:cells that DO contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
* plant and animal cells
3 main functions of the nucleus
Unit 4 - Cells
- control all cell activities
- hold DNA (genetic materal)
- control protein/enzyme synthesis and ribosome manufacturing
Mitochondria
Unit 4 - Cells
organelle in the cell that synthesizes ATP through respiration
Cytoplasm
Unit 4 - Cells
surrounds organelles and nucleus and allows materials to move around within the cell
Chloroplast
Unit 4 - Cells
supplies energy to plant cells using sunlight and water
Golgi Apparatus
Unit 4 - Cells
recieves, packages, and sends materials throughout or outside of the cell
ribosome
Unit 4 - Cells
synthesizes/creates proteins through translation of mRNA
Cell Membrane
Unit 4 - Cells
semipermeable, controls what enters and exits the cell
Endoplastic Reticulum (ER)
Unit 4 - Cells
- creates proteins(rough er) and lipids(smooth er)
- transports materials throughout the cell
- processes macromolecules and modifies toxic chemicals
nuclear envelope
Unit 4 - Cells
surrounds the neucleus, which surrunds the nucleolus
Lysosome
Unit 4 - Cells
organelle that contians digestive enzymes and digests old cell material and waste
centriole
Unit 4 - Cells
organizing microtubuals that help with cell division
Animal vs. Plant Cells
Unit 4 - Cells
- Animal cells have mitochondria. centrosomes, lysosomes, and small vacuoles, and cell membrane
- Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast, and larger central vacuole
- They both have nucleus, vacuoles, macromolecules, and eukaryotes
What is a solution, solute, and solvent?
Unit 4 - Cells
Solution:mixture of a solute and solvent
ex: koolaide or salt water
Solvent:the particle that does the dissolving of the solute
ex: water that dissolved koolaide powder
Solute:the partocle that is dissolved in a solvent
ex: koolaide powder
What is passive transport and examples?
Unit 4 - Cells
no energy required to move molecules through the membrane
ex: diffusion and osmosis
What is active transport?
Unit 4 - Cells
requires energy (ATP) to move molecules
ex: exocytosis endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis)
Osmosis
type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient
Unit 4 - Cells
- water molecules
- passive
- with concentration gradient
- movement of water across a the semipermeable cell membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Unit 4 - Cells
type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient
- carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, ions
- passive
- with conc. grad.
- requires help of carrier proteins to move molecules from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Unit 4 - Cells
type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient
- smaller molecules
- passive
- with concentraiton gradient
- movement from area of high to low concentration gradient until equilibrium
Endocytosis
Unit 4 - Cells
type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient
- large extracellular/protein molecules
- acitive
- against
- movement from outside to inside of cell
Exocytosis
Unit 4 - Cells
type of molecule moved, passive or active, with or against gradient
- waste/proteins
- active
- agianst
- movement from inside to outside of cell, packaged in golgi apparatus
parts of a nucleotide
Unit 5 - DNA and RNA
phosphate
deoxyribose
nitrogen base (adenine or guanine-purines, thymine or cytosine-pyrimadines)
DNA replication
happens during the s (synthesis) phase of interphase, where DNA is unzipped and connected with new matching bases to form 2 new chains with half old and half new parts
Transcription
- nucleus of the cell
- DNa unzipped and gentic info copies to a new strand of mRNA that carries the genetic info from DNA
Translation
- ribose in cytoplasm
- mRNA language (nucleic acid) translated to protein language (amino acid)
what is a codon
a group of 3 bases on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid
anticodon
in tRNA, a group of 3 matching bases that complement a specific mRNA codon to match an amino acid to the correct codon
differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose
- DNA is a double helix and RNa is a single strang
- different base pairs (uracil in RNA and thymine in DNA)
2 types of mutations
- point mutation: gene, where a change in one nucliotide, usually a base sibstituted for another, sometimes becomes stop codon
- frameshift mutation: gene, deletion or addition of nucleotides causes the disruption of codons that shift the reading frame during translation
Chromosomal mutations
deletion, duplicaiton, inversion, translocation
- deletion: a chormosome breaks and a piece of it is lost
-
duplication
: part of a chromosome break off and is incorperated into it’s homologous chromosome - inversion: part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around, and reattaches in reverse order
- Translocaiton: part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a differnt, nonhomologous chromosome
purpose for mitosis
Unit 6 - Cell Division
growth and development or repair by mkaing identical somatic cells used in living organisms
meiosis
produces 4 haploid, gamete daughter cells for reproduction that recieve half the origional DNA from each parent
Cell Cycle
- 90% interphase (G1, S, G2)
- 10% mitosis/cytokinesis (nuclear division)
interphase
- G0: quiescence, or reversable state of rest
- G1: growth and development
- S: synthesis, DNA is replicated
- G2: synthesis or organelles
prophase
chromosomes condnse and become visible, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and spindle fibers form
metaphase
the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
telophase
nuclear membrane reforms and cytokinesis happens to fully split cell into 2 new daughter cells
* in plant cells a cell wall forms and cytokinesis doesn’t fully split the cells apart yet
crossing over
the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis, prophase 1, where sister chromosomes thicken and join together
describe process
Unit 7 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- light dependent:light and water go into the thylakoids, which together in stacks form grana and produce oxygen, while ADP and NADP+ +P is turned into ATP and NADPH,
- light independent/calvin cycle: ATP and NADPH turned to ADP and NADP+ +P, which Carbon Dioxide is turned into Glucose/sugar in the stroma(fluid inside chloroplast)
ATP/ADP
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates (3 or 2)
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2+ ATP
why are plant cells green
enzyme called chlorphyll reflects green light and absorbs all other colors
Cellular Respiration
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
1. Glycolysis:(cytoplasm) glucose, 2ATP, 2NAD+ turn into 2NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP (2 ATP total)
2. Krebs Cycle:(Mitochondrial membrane)2 pyruvate, 8 NAD+, 2FAD turned into 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NAD+, 2FADH2
3. ETC:(mitochondrial matrix/cistae)10NADH, 6O2, 2FADH2 turn into H20, 32-34 ATP, 2 FAD, 10 NAD+
fermentation
- lactic acid: muscle cells and during rapid exercise
- alcoholic: bacteria and yeast to make beer and wine
