Cell Structure & Function Review Flashcards
3 parts of cell theory
- all cells come from preexisting cells
- cells are the most basic unit of life
- all organisms are made of one or more cells
prokaryote and eukaryote
Pro: unicellular organisms, bacteria
Euk: plant and animal cells
-sim: both have cytoplasm and cell membrane
-dif: pro. has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, while euk. doesn’t have organelles or vacuoles like pro. does
function of the cell membrane
separate the cells contents from the environment and control what goes in or out of the cell
define organelle
structures within a cell that perform independent and specific functions
cytoplasm
surrounds the nucleus and organelles inside the cell
nucleus
control center that holds DNA and is protected by a double membrane
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell that provides energy in the form of ATP
chloroplast
produces energy for plant cells through the process of photosynthesis
cell membrane
semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates cell from environment
cell wall
protects and gives shape to some plant cells
vacuole
stores water for photosynthesis in plant cells
golgi apparatus
sends and receives, + packages proteins into vesicles
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
transportation system within a cell
ribosomes
protein synthesis inside of the cell
lysosomes
break down old cell parts and harmful bacteria
autotrophs and heterotrophs
auto: provide their own food with energy from the sun
-ex: plants like grass and trees
hetero: get energy by consuming other living organisms
-ex: fungi, bacteria, unicellular org., rabbit, grasshopper, snake
photosynthesis location in cell and purpose
-Chloroplast
-converts light to chemical energy that plants use
2 steps of photosynthesis
- Light Dependent: water and light used to produce O2, ATP, and NADPH within the thylakoid
- Light Independent: CO2 used to produce glucose (sugar), ADP, and NADP+
overall balanced equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy
thylakoid
an individual disk of grana, contains chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight, and where light dependent reaction takes place
grana/granum
stacks of thylakoids
stroma
fluid within the chloroplast where the light independent reactions take place
cellular respiration purpose and location
-mitochondria
-used to produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose
3 steps of Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolysis: glucose broken down into pyruvate and ATP and NADPH in cytoplasm
-2 ATP produced - Krebs Cycle: pyruvate broken down into CO2 and NADPH and FADH2 in mitochondrial matrix
-2 ATP produced - ETC: Oxygen used as final electron acceptor/carrier and makes H2O, FAD, and NAD+
-32-34 ATP produced
overall balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
ATP and ADP
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate, the molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy
ADP: adenosine Diphosphate, made by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphates in ATP, which releases energy
Anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Fermentation ( Lactic acid or alcohol produced with NAD+)
-Alcohol: pyruvate converted to CO2 and Ethanol
-Lactic Acid: pyruvate converted to lactic acid)
steps of the cell cycle
- (90%) Interphase: growth and preparation
-G1:growth and dev.
-S: synthesis and replication of chromosomes
-G2: duplicate organelles - (10%) Mitosis: nuclear division
-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
-Cytokinesis
What is the purpose of Mitosis
growth and repair by making identical diploid daughter cells
steps of Mitosis
- Prophase: nuclear envelope/membrane disappears and spindle fibers form, then move to opposite poles of the cell
- Metaphase: thickened chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to the centrioles/spindle fibers
- Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled away from each other to opposite sides of the cell
- Telophase: nuclear membrane/envelope reforms around sister chromatids on opposite poles, and the chromatids unwind into limp noodle-like chromatin
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits and forms two identical diploid daughter cells
cytokinesis in animal vs plant cells
Animal cells: pinches of membrane and forms 2 new seperate daughter cells
Plant cells: cuts cells off from each other and a cell wall forms between the 2 daughter cells
