Cell Structure & Function Review

Question 1

3 parts of cell theory

Answer 1

1. all cells come from preexisting cells
2. cells are the most basic unit of life
3. all organisms are made of one or more cells

Question 2

prokaryote and eukaryote

Answer 2

Pro: unicellular organisms, bacteria
Euk: plant and animal cells

-sim: both have cytoplasm and cell membrane
-dif: pro. has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, while euk. doesn’t have organelles or vacuoles like pro. does

Question 3

function of the cell membrane

Answer 3

separate the cells contents from the environment and control what goes in or out of the cell

Question 4

define organelle

Answer 4

structures within a cell that perform independent and specific functions

Question 5

cytoplasm

Answer 5

surrounds the nucleus and organelles inside the cell

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

control center that holds DNA and is protected by a double membrane

Question 7

mitochondria

Answer 7

powerhouse of the cell that provides energy in the form of ATP

Question 8

chloroplast

Answer 8

produces energy for plant cells through the process of photosynthesis

Question 9

cell membrane

Answer 9

semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates cell from environment

Question 10

cell wall

Answer 10

protects and gives shape to some plant cells

Question 11

vacuole

Answer 11

stores water for photosynthesis in plant cells

Question 12

golgi apparatus

Answer 12

sends and receives, + packages proteins into vesicles

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 13

transportation system within a cell

Question 14

ribosomes

Answer 14

protein synthesis inside of the cell

Question 15

lysosomes

Answer 15

break down old cell parts and harmful bacteria

Question 16

autotrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 16

auto: provide their own food with energy from the sun
-ex: plants like grass and trees

hetero: get energy by consuming other living organisms
-ex: fungi, bacteria, unicellular org., rabbit, grasshopper, snake

Question 17

photosynthesis location in cell and purpose

Answer 17

-Chloroplast
-converts light to chemical energy that plants use

Question 18

2 steps of photosynthesis

Answer 18

1. Light Dependent: water and light used to produce O2, ATP, and NADPH within the thylakoid
2. Light Independent: CO2 used to produce glucose (sugar), ADP, and NADP+

Question 19

overall balanced equation for photosynthesis

Answer 19

6CO2 + 6H2O + light —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy

Question 20

thylakoid

Answer 20

an individual disk of grana, contains chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight, and where light dependent reaction takes place

Question 21

grana/granum

Answer 21

stacks of thylakoids

Question 22

stroma

Answer 22

fluid within the chloroplast where the light independent reactions take place

Question 23

cellular respiration purpose and location

Answer 23

-mitochondria
-used to produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose

Question 24

3 steps of Aerobic Respiration

Answer 24

1. Glycolysis: glucose broken down into pyruvate and ATP and NADPH in cytoplasm
   -2 ATP produced
2. Krebs Cycle: pyruvate broken down into CO2 and NADPH and FADH2 in mitochondrial matrix
   -2 ATP produced
3. ETC: Oxygen used as final electron acceptor/carrier and makes H2O, FAD, and NAD+
   -32-34 ATP produced

Question 25

overall balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 25

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 26

ATP and ADP

Answer 26

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate, the molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy

ADP: adenosine Diphosphate, made by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphates in ATP, which releases energy

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 27

1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation ( Lactic acid or alcohol produced with NAD+)
   -Alcohol: pyruvate converted to CO2 and Ethanol
   -Lactic Acid: pyruvate converted to lactic acid)

Question 28

steps of the cell cycle

Answer 28

1. (90%) Interphase: growth and preparation
   -G1:growth and dev.
   -S: synthesis and replication of chromosomes
   -G2: duplicate organelles
2. (10%) Mitosis: nuclear division
   -Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
   -Cytokinesis

Question 29

What is the purpose of Mitosis

Answer 29

growth and repair by making identical diploid daughter cells

Question 30

steps of Mitosis

Answer 30

1. Prophase: nuclear envelope/membrane disappears and spindle fibers form, then move to opposite poles of the cell
2. Metaphase: thickened chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to the centrioles/spindle fibers
3. Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled away from each other to opposite sides of the cell
4. Telophase: nuclear membrane/envelope reforms around sister chromatids on opposite poles, and the chromatids unwind into limp noodle-like chromatin
   5. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits and forms two identical diploid daughter cells

Question 31

cytokinesis in animal vs plant cells

Answer 31

Animal cells: pinches of membrane and forms 2 new seperate daughter cells

Plant cells: cuts cells off from each other and a cell wall forms between the 2 daughter cells