Chapter 13 & 14 Vocab (Genetics & DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis))

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

a molecule containing biological instructions that make every species unique

Question 2

Griffith’s Experiment

Answer 2

first experiment that suggested bacteria were capable of transferring genetic info through transformation

Question 3

Hershey-Chase experiment

Answer 3

used viruses capable of infecting bacteria to determine if genes were made of protein or DNA

Question 4

Bacteriophages

Answer 4

a type of virus that infects bacteria

Question 5

Chargaff’s rule

Answer 5

the amount of guanine = amount of cytosine, and the amount of adenine = amount of thymine

Question 6

Double helix

Answer 6

the physical structure of DNA

Question 7

nucleotide

Answer 7

subunit that makes up nucleotides, made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Question 8

purines

Answer 8

six-membered nitrogen heterocyclic compound that is one of the bases in DNA

C4H4N2

Question 9

chromatin

Answer 9

substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA tightly coiled around histones

Question 10

*Gene

Answer 10

the sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait; also a factor passed down from parent to offspring

Question 11

*DNA Replication

Answer 11

the process by which a genome’s DNA is copied

Question 12

*DNA Polymerase

Answer 12

type of enzyme that forms new copies of DNA by pairing complementary bases along new strands of DNA

Question 13

RNA

Answer 13

a single strand of nucleic acid that contains sugar (ribose), phosphate, and base

Question 14

Protein synthesis

Answer 14

the process by which an organism’s genotype is translated into its phenotype

Question 15

*DNA Transcription

Answer 15

the process of making RNA by copying the genetic information from DNA to a strand of mRNA

Question 16

*RNA Polymerase

Answer 16

unzips DNA then binds unattached RNA bases to their complementary bases on the DNA strand

Question 17

*Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 17

carries DNA info to ribosomes

Question 18

*Introns

Answer 18

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for protein

Question 19

*Exons

Answer 19

expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 20

*mRNA Translation

Answer 20

the process by which information encoded in mRNA directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 21

*Codons

Answer 21

a three-base section of mRNA that carries a code for a specific amino acid or start/stop

Question 22

*Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 22

ribosome made of rRNA/proteins

Question 23

*Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 23

carries amino acid to ribosome

Question 24

Anticodon

Answer 24

a sequence of three bases found on tRNA that complements a specific mRNA codon

Question 25

Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 25

changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Question 26

Deletion

Answer 26

genetic mutation where part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication

Question 27

Duplication

Answer 27

genetic mutation where 1 or more copies of a DNA segment are produced

Question 28

Translocation

Answer 28

a genome abnormality where a chromosome breaks and part of it reattaches to a different chromosome

Question 29

Inversion

Answer 29

genetic mutation where a section of DNA breaks away from a chromosome during the reproductive process and reattaches in reverse

Question 30

Gene Mutations

Answer 30

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence that produced something different

Question 31

*Frameshift Mutations

Answer 31

mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Question 32

*Point Mutation

Answer 32

gene mutation in which a single base pair of DNA has been changed

Question 33

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 33

occurs in DNA when a sequence change gives rise to a stop codon rather than a codon specifying an amino acid

Question 34

Polyploidy

Answer 34

condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes