Semester 1 exam Flashcards
Domestication
Adaptation and control of plants and animals
Monopoly
Exclusive control of trade, market, and industry
Paleo-Indians
People who crossed Beringia between Siberia and Alaska to become the first American
Beringia
Land bridge over which the first people to America are thought to have traveled during the last Ice Age
Kublai Khan
Leader who protected Asian trade routes and opened up China to world trade
Roman Empire
Civilization whose collapse led to the development of feudalism
Treaty of Todesillas
Established line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territories
Moctezuma II
Aztec leader whose conquered land added territory and wealth to the Spanish American empire
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus’s expedition
Peons
Landless laborers who worked on haciendas
John Smith
Leader who greatly contributed to Jamestown’s survival and prosperity
St. Augustine
Oldest city established by Europeans in what is now the United States
Freemen
Adult men who held voting rights based on status as church members and property owners
Glorious Revolution
Bloodless uprising that resulted in the crowning of a new king and queen of England whose royal power was limited
Fur trade
Profitable Native American activity that led to competition and conflicts among tribes
Iroquois League
Confederation of Native Americans, also known as the Six Nations
Abolitionists
People, such as the Quakers, who opposed slavery
Nathaniel Bacon
Led violent protest by poor farmers and laborers in Virginia over frontier land
Boston Massacre
Confrontation over enforcement of the Townshend Acts
Loyalists
Name for colonists who supported the British
Samual Adams
Colonial activist involved in the Sons of Liberty
Olive Branch Petition
Sent to King George III as a last plea for peace
Declaration of Independence
Document that asserted the right of people to overthrow an unjust government
Sons of Liberty
Secret committees that protested taxation without representation
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader whose dream of a United Native American confederation ended at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Capitalism
Economic system based on a free market and private ownership of property
Lewis and Clark expedition
Organized to map the Louisiana Territory and list its resources
Alien and Sedition Acts
Congressional measures aimed against Republicans and critics of the U.S. government
Impressment
Kidnapping of sailors from ships
Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers’ protest of a federal tax
Gang Labor
Plantation system in which groups of slaves were assigned to do specialized jobs such as plowing or hoeing
Strike
Tactic used by workers to press for reforms
Labor unions
Organizations formed by factory workers to improve working conditions
Cotton
Agricultural product that dominated the economy of the Lower South
Nat Turner
Led slave uprisings that resulted in passage of stricter slave codes
Overseers
Plantation supervisors who managed the slaves
Californios
People driven from the goldfields by Anglos
Gold
Sought by forty-niners from all over the world
Native Americans
People who suffered many losses from diseases contracted from settlers
Mexican cession
Ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Texas Revolution
Conflict triggered by disputes over immigration, slavery, and state power
Oregon Trail
Winding, often mountainous road traveled by settlers to the Far West
Dred Scott Decision
Ruled that slavery could not be banned in the territories
Henry Clay
Congressmen who proposed the Compromise of 1850
Emancipation Proclamation
Banned slavery in the Confederate regions only
Ulysses S. Grant
General who led the Union army in a war of attrition
War of attrition
General Ulysses S. Grant’s military tactics that wore down the Confederates through constant attack
Battle of Gettysburg
Conflict that demonstrated the North’s ability to defeat the South
Martin Delany
First African American promoted to rank of major
First Battle of Bull Run
Battle that proved to both sides the the war would be a long one
Sally Louisa Tompkins
Only recognized female officer in the Confederate services
Ku Klux Klan
Secret terrorist group formed to prevent African Americans from voting
Fifteenth Amendment
Guaranteed the right to vote cannot be denied because of race
Jim Crow Laws
Legislation designed to enforce segregation
Ida Wells-Barnett
Journalist who openly protested the lynching of African Americans
Black codes
Restrictions that limited the freedom of African Americans and attempted to reestablish white control of black labor
Ulysses S. Grant
Elected President in 1868 because of African American vote
The holy book of Islam is known as the
Qur’an
Europeans sought a direct sea route to Asia because Muslim and Italian merchants controlled the trade and
Increased the cost of Asian goods
Under the rule of Mongol leader Kublai Khan
Chinas isolation ended, mongols protected Asian trade routes and trade flourished, China became the largest empire in the world
The voyage of Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama resulted in
Portuguese control of East-West Trade
Similarities between Native American artifacts and those of other cultures have led many scholars to believe that early Native American cultures
Had significant contact with other world cultures
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
Imposed a huge debt on Spain
At Jamestown, the English were helped by
Wahunsonacock
Originally seeking gold and other African natural resources, the Portuguese soon began to trade and profit from
The African slave trade
Spanish settlements eventually extended from
Coast to coast in parts of North, Central, and South America
One effect of Columbus’s voyage was
The exchange of people, ideas, plants, and animals, between the Americas and the rest of the world
Bartolomé de Las Casas urged the Spanish Crown to enact laws to
End Spanish mistreatment of Native Americans
Native Americans reacted to the expansion of tobacco farms by
Attacking many English Settlers
The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a society based on
The Scriptures
Most New England settlers during the 1600s made their living as
Farmers or artisans
During the Middle Passage, disease and violence caused the death of many
African captives
In protest against a law that attempted to save the British East India Company, colonists
Staged the Boston Tea Party
The British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 to
Discourage colonial settlement in territory west of the Appellations
What goal did the Revolution achieve?
Colonial independence and self government
As a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
Great Britain officially granted independence to the colonies
The authors of the Declaration of Independence hoped to
Win public support for independence, undermine loyalty to King George, outline the principles of a representative government
Puritans immigrated to North America to escape the religious conflicts and
Economic depression
The Englishman who established a colony as a haven for Quakers and other differing beliefs was
William Penn
Many enslaved Africans did not survive the Middle Passage across the Atlantic Ocean as a result of
Suffocation and disease, brutality, suicide
What effect did the Battle of Saratoga have on the war?
It convinced some European powers to support the colonists
Factory workers responded to lower wages and faster production by
Forming labor unions
African Americans resisted slavery by doing all of the following
Trying to escape, slowing work pace, openly rebelling
During President Jefferson’s first term in office, the Republican Congress
Did not enforce the Whiskey tax, did not increase military spending, did not expand the army and the navy
The Battle of New Orleans was won by U.S. sharpshooters and artillery under the leadership of
Andrew Jackson
The act of stirring up of discontent or Rebellion against a government is known as
Sedition
The Republicans argued that it was the states’ right to declare a federal law or action unconstitutional in the
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that
“Separate but equal” facilities did not violate the fourteenth amendment
A strike consists of
A refusal to work until demands are met
The First Congress accomplished
The passage of a Bill of Rights, the establishment of a federal court system, and the creation of three departments to assist the president
What was the primary issue over which the War of 1812 was fought?
Long standing economic and territorial problems with Great Britain
The doctrine of popular sovereignty argued that
Citizens of new territories could decide the slavery issue
The Underground Railroad and its conductors
Helped slaves escape
On April 9, 1865, General Ulysses S. Grant accepted the surrender of Confederate general
Robert E. Lee
After the Civil War, the Sough experienced all of the following
Destruction to railroad lines and bridges, loss of homes and barns, spread of disease, especially in cities
After the Civil War, African Americans increased their participation in politics to
Protect their rights
In 1863 President Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which
Offered a full pardon to southerners who swore allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and except federal laws on slavery
Reconstruction legislatures helped make state governments more democratic by doing all of the following
Guaranteeing white and African American men the right to vote, eliminating property requirements for holders of public offices, abolishing property qualifications for jurors
Northern Republicans’ commitment to Reconstruction lessened in part because
They faced economic issues caused by labor demands
After Reconstructions, African Americans
We’re deprived of their rights and had few economic opportunities
