Chapter 2 test Flashcards
Columbus’s main goal was
to find a more direct route to Asia
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus’s expedition
Viceroy
Official representative of the king in Spanish America
Under the encomienda system encomenderos were required to
instruct the Native Americans in the Catholic faith
Bartolomé de Las Casas urged the Spanish Crown to
enact laws to end Spanish mistreatment of Native Americans
Colombian exchange
transfer of people and goods between the Americans and Europe, Asia, and Africa following Columbus’s voyage
Treaty of Tordesillas
Established line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territories
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer whose crew was the first to circumnavigate the world
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish explorer who sought the “Fountain of Youth”
Spanish explorers and conquistadors sought all the following
- Material wealth, 2. Glory, 3. The spread of Christianity
Moctezuma II
Aztec leader whose conquered land added territory and wealth to the Spanish American empire
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conqueror of the Incan Empire
To free their leader
the Incas gave the Spanish a ransom of gold and silver
The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and Incas did all of the following
- Greatly increase the size of the Spanish empire, 2. Enrich the Spanish American empire, 3. Lead to a mixing of cultures
Native Americans responded to Spanish colonization by
- Defending their lands and culture, 2. Fleeing to interior areas, 3. Negotiating a place for themselves in a new social order
Native Americans developed ways to
ensure their survival in postconquest South America
St. Augustine
Oldest city established by Europeans in what is now the United States
Pueblos
Indians who fought against Spanish settlement in New Mexico
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Explored much of California coastline
Spanish America
Large colonial empire that included settlements from North to South America
Spanish settlements eventually extended from coast to coast in parts of
North, Central, and South America
Missions established Spanish control over
labor and land
Peons
landless laborers most of whom were Indians worked on haciendas
Rancho
Small farm or ranch established by the Spanish government
Spanish American life reflected
Spain’s government and culture
Juan Inés de la Cruz was
the 17th century Mexican poet who sought an education
Jacques Cartier
Explored Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River
Protestant Reformation
European religious upheaval that delayed colonization of the Americas
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
imposed a huge debt on Spain
England gained power in the Americas with
the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Charter of 1606
Royal grant permitting organization of Virginia settlements
Joint stock companies
Organizations involved in Great Britain’s settling of its American colonies
English colonization methods differed from Spanish methods because
the English government played and indirect role
John Smith
Leader who greatly contributed to Jamestown’s survival and prosperity
At Jamestown
the English were helped by Wahunsonacock
Powhatans
Native Americans who helped the Jamestown community survive and prosper
Native Americans reacted to the expansion of tobacco farm by
attacking many English settlers
Conflicts erupted over tobacco cultivation because
the colonists planted tobacco on Indian hunting grounds
