Chapter 1 test Flashcards
Beringia
Land bridge over which the first people to America are thought to have traveled during the ice age
Paleo-Indians
People who crossed Beringia between Siberia and Alaska to become the first Americans
Paleo-Indians adjusted to the extinction of big game by
Developing new hunting and food gathering skills
Domestication
Adaptation and control of plants and animals
The Agricultural Revolution
Shift from hunting and gathering to domestication of plants and animals
Cultural diffusion
The spread of practices or beliefs from one group to another
The results of the Agricultural Revolution
- The development of social classes. 2. The rise of cities. 3. A division of labor
The South American Incas and the Mesoamerican Aztecs both built empires
Established through conquests
Early Native American diets, types of housing, and social structures in North America varied
because the environment affected North American cultures in various ways
Similarities between Native American artifacts and those of other cultures have led many scholars to believe
that early Native American cultures had significant contact with other world cultures
The Roman Empire
Civilization whose collapse led to the development of feudalism
Feudalism
Medieval system in which nobles pledged military assistance and loyalty in exchange for land and protection
Feudalism
Rigid social and economic system that arose in response to the collapse of Rome and continual threats
Manor
Self-sufficient estate including house, pastures, fields, and village
Serfs
Men and women bound to the land by their labor
Feudalism declined because
of new farming technology, the rise of medieval towns, and the growth of trade
Crusades
Series of wars fought for control of the Holy Land
The growth of trade after the Crusades
gave rise to the middle class and the introduction of the representative government
The Renaissance began for all of the following reasons
- Expansion of trade, 2. A thirst for knowledge, 3. The invention of the printing press
The Renaissance did three things
- Influenced trade with Islamic world, 2. Printing press helped spark the Renaissance, 3. A rebirth of European art and learning
National Monarchy
Governments formed from feudal kingdoms, independent communities, and church controlled lands
National Monarchy
Form of government created during the Middle Ages through warfare and royal marriages
Muslims
Soldiers and merchants who spread Islam throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe during the Middle Ages
Islam
Spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe by Muslim soldiers and traders
The holy book of Islam is known as
The Qur’an
Kublai Khan
Leader who protected Asian trade routes and opened up China to world trade
Under the rule of Mongol leader Kublai Khan
- China’s isolation ended, 2. Mongols protected Asian trade routes and trade flourished, 3. China became the largest empire in the world
East Africa
Region in which a succession of city-states prospered from Asian trade
City-states
Wealthy East African governments that profited from Asian trade
West African kingdoms such as Mali and later Songhay, prospered
because they controlled major north-south trade routes
West Africa
Region from which one gold-rich kingdom after another controlled important north-south trade routes
Monopoly
Exclusive control of trade, market, and industry
The Europeans’ most promising solution to Muslim-Italian trade control was
an all-sea route to the East
Europeans sought a direct sea route to Asia because
Muslim and Italian merchants controlled the trade and increased the cost of Asian goods
Originally seeking gold and other African natural resources, the Portuguese soon began
to trade and profit from the African slave trade
The voyages of Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama resulted in
Portuguese control of East-West trade
