Chapter 8 test Flashcards
Middle Class
Social class that arose during the early 1800’s as a result of the market revolution
Middle-class family roles included
Work outside the house for men and childcare duties for women
Shopkeepers
Members of the American’s new middle class
The market revolution lead to three things
- The rise of the middle class
- An increased demand for cotton
- The rise of factories
National Trades Union
Organization that campaigned for labor reform
Factory workers responded to lower wages and faster production by
Forming labor unions
Strike
Tactic used by workers to press for reforms
A strike consists of
A refusal to work until demands are met
Labor unions
Organizations formed by factory workers to improve their working conditions
Irish immigrants
People who came to the U.S. during the 1800’s because famine caused by a disease to a potato crop
Germany and Ireland
Countries from which most immigrants came in the mid-1800’s
Nativists responded to increased Irish and German immigration with
Violence and demands for limits on immigrant’s rights
The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
Secret society of nativists that lobbied for a 21 year wait for naturalization of immigrants
Nativists thought
Germans were clannish
Know-Nothing
Party formed by nativists
With reapers and other new machines
farm families could cultivate more land with less labor
Cotton gin
Invention that helped meet increased demand for cotton
Cotton
Agricultural product dominated the economy of the Lower South
During the mid 1800s the Cotton Kingdom
Expanded with the growing market
The invention of new weaving machines affected the south by
Increasing the need for slave labor
The three following were factors in creating the Cotton Kingdom
- Booming markets for cotton
- The cotton gin
- Newly cultivated lands
Most wealthy southerners invested in
Purchasing more land and slaves
American Colonization Society
Organization established to send African Americans “back” to Africa
Three pro-slavery arguments
- The relationship between master and slave is a devoted one
- A slave has a more secure life than a northern factory worker does
- Slavery is essential to a sound southern economy
Planters
Members of the South’s small but dominant social class
Yeoman farmers
Small landowners who made up the majority of southern whites
Free African Americans in the south encountered
Many restrictions
Overseers
Plantation supervisors who managed the slaves
Gang Labor
Plantation system in which groups of slaves were assigned to do specialized jobs such as plowing or hoeing
Three statements about slave labor
- Most slaves worked in agriculture
- Some slave worked in skilled crafts
- Some slaves worked in manufacturing
Southern slaves laws rendered
Slaves legally powerless
Nat Turner
Slave who led a short-lived, violent uprising in Virginia
Nat Turner
Led slave uprisings that resulted in passage of stricter slave codes
The Underground Railroad and its conductors
Helped slaves escape
Harriet Tubman
Conductor with the Underground Railroad
African Americans resisted slavery by doing all of the following
- Trying to escape
- Slowing their work pace
- Openly rebelling
Spirituals
Kind of songs that allowed African American slaves to express their deep longing for freedom
Enslaved African Americans coped with their situation by
Using humor, music, and folktales to create hope
