Self Reports Flashcards
Define Questionnaires
- List of Questions Answered by Participants
- Developed to Gather Data
- Quick to Answer
PROs of Questionnaires
- Large Samples
> more representative of diversity
> generalisable - Reliable, Easy to Manage
- Ethical
CONs of Questionnaires
- Low Validity
- Socially Desirable Responses
- Difficult to avoid Demand Characteristics
Closed questions
- Select List of Options
- Manageable by Computer
Open questions
- Written, More Detailed Response (still short)
- Cannot be Managed by Computer
Likert Scale questions
- Strongly Disagree -> Strongly Agree, 1-7 (ATTITUDE) - Response to Statement
- Manageable by Computer
Semantic Differential questions (SD-Qs)
- MULTIPLE Scales below Question, Opposites at each end
- Measures Opinions on the Subject
Attitude/Rating Scale questions
1 - 10 Scale, response to statement
PROs of Likert Scales
- Easy to swap positive to negative statements
- Quantitative data, easier to analyse
- Reliable
CONs of Likert Scales
- Tendency to respond towards middle of scale
- Social Desirability
- Lack in-depth detail
Split-Half test method
(Internal)
- Tests Internal Reliability
- Correlating the Results of Half the Items against the Other Half
- If the Correlation has a High and Positive Coefficient, then Internal Reliability is High
Test-Retest test method
(External)
- Correlating the results from one time to another
- If the Correlation has a High and Positive Coefficient, then External Reliability is High.
How do you Increase Reliability for Questionnaires?
Large Sample, completed in Same Conditions, Same Questionnaire
Are Questionnaires Ethical?
Yes (excellent flashcard)
Smokescreen question
A Question with no clear purpose
Response Rate
Percentage of People who Respond to the Questionnaire
Fixed Response
Reinforcement is Given After a Multi-Choice Question is Given
Pilot Study
- A Small-Scale Trial Run of a Method
- Identify + Resolve Problems
Structured Interview
- Pre-Planned Questions
- Responses Noted down
Semi-Structured Interview
- Some Pre-Planned Questions
- Can lead off into Unplanned Questions
Unstructured Interview
- All Unplanned Questions
- Based Around a Pre-Planned Topic
PROs of Interviews
- Qualitative data
- High Validity: Rapport
- Interviewer can Explain Questions
CONs of Interviews
- Researcher Bias
- Social Desirability
- Difficult to Analyse
Rapport
Trust between Interviewer and Interviewee
Define Self-Reports
any Test, Measure, or Survey of an Individual’s own Report of their behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes.
