P3 - E.P. - Territory and Personal Space (Social) - Wells Flashcards
BACKGROUND - personal space in the workplace
Invading personal space - diff. layers of personal space via an invisible boundry (with a pinch of salt)
* 1 - intimate space; partners & family invited in
* 2 - personal space; friends & family invited in
* 3 - social space; aquaintences
* 4 - public space; strangers etc.
Western centric measurement
___
Invading personal space may lead to a fight or flight reaction, depending on the person, personality & situation
* Introverted personality or someone who is anxious
* In a celebration, ppl are more pften personal space is more often not applied
* Levine - in Sympatia &/or collectivist cultures, ppl may be more comfortable with invading space
* Children often invade personal space
* Urinals unwritten rule
BACKGROUND - Sorokowska
Research examined personal space preferences for ~9k participants from 42 countries (not ethnocentric, generalisable)
Those taking part were asked to indicate how close a stranger, friend or intimate relation could get to them during a conversation w/out becoming uncomfortbale
Romania, Saudi Arabia & Hungary reported the need for greatest personal space from a stranger (~140cm)
* Argentina, Bulgaria & Peru required the least personal space from a stranger (~
* cross cultural differences
BACKGROUND - Urinal research (reearch shows)
- 4.8s to start peeing alone
- 6.2s to start peeing with an actor one urinal away
- 8.4s to start with an actor uncomfortbaly close
Amygdila stimulated when personal space invaded (Nature)
BACKGROUND - Territory
Territory - visible boundries that influence personal space
* primary territory; stays in the same place & is clearly yours (link to Wilson & Kelling)
* secondary territory; temperary territories; percieved ownership in public/shared space - possesions left there mark territory (school cafeteria, sunbed hoggers etc.)
* public territory; belongs to anybody - street, parks
___
Personalisation
* ways to mark territory as primary territory
* Territory makes you feel comfortable & safe
WELLS - APFC
To investigate whether office personbalisation is associated with employee welbeing and the effect of gender on this relationship
California, 20 offices, all volunteered & questionnaire, slightly androcentric
Questionnaire sent out focused on 8 things: job satisfaction, workspace personalisation, employee perception of organisational wellbeing
5 of the offices aggreed ot be case studies & got Qual data in tape recorded interviews
Most common reason for pers. to express identity & individuality
Women personalised their desks more, types of items were also diff, (photos) & Men personalised w/ achievemetns & sports items
Lower staff turnover when satff have moer leniant pers. policies
Personalisation sig. associated w/ job satisfaction
APPLICATION - Headphones
Research shows that in a buisy office environment you are less concerned with individuals invading your personal space if you are wearing headphones & listening to audio
This shows thst productivity & focus are improved in certain environments
APPLICATION - Hybrid Offices (LinkedIn offices)
Caused by Situational change (Covid)
Mixture of working in the office & at home
* Different seats w/ different purposes; large variety of spaces
* 42% of ppl with remotely available jobs were partially working at hime
* Design that takes territory & personal space
* Cut no. of desks in half
* Co-working area - secondary territory
* Employees have flexibility in where they work (FW debate)
* Seperate ‘neighbourhoods’
* Entry is most social, further in
* posture’s matrix - amount of time spent - ergonomics balance
* Experimenting with more casual meeting rooms
Flexible Workplace (Google) - everything on wheels
APPLICATION - Personality
Individual Differences will leed to selection of work space
* individual table,
Debates/PRINCEFU
IND/SIT
* SIT - Personal Space: headphones make ppl more accepting of personal space invasion, diff ppl can enter different zones of someone’s personal space (Hall)
* SIT - Territory: different territories have diff effects
* IND - Wells found diff genders decorate their personal spaces differently & overall personalisation is unique to every individual, extrovertion/introvertion
____
NAT/NUR
* NAT - everyone has personal space;
* NUR - different cultures (collectivist) have more shared personal space & territory
___
FW/DET
* FW - to personalise own space in your own way, if at all
*
___
RED/HOL
* RED - suggests work productivity is only a product of environment (LinkedIn & Google examples)
* HOL -
___
USE
* Y - making people more comfortable/less stressed at work makes ppl more productive, improve mental health in society
*
___
SS
*
___
SCIENCE
*
Metholodical Issues
ETHNOCENTRISM
*
___
VALIDITY
*
___
RELIABILITY
*
___
SAMPLING BIAS
*
