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BIO1334 - Genetics > Selection > Flashcards

Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

Define individuals in relation to selection:

A

unit of selection where they survive and reproduce or they don’t

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2
Q

Complete the sentence:

New alleles are continuously created at a rate (µ) by…

A

mutation

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3
Q

What are new mutations initially?

A
  • Rare

- Most are recessive

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4
Q

Complete the sentence:

When rare, recessive alleles are mostly present in heterozygotes, …

A

which makes selection against them negligible

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5
Q

Do rare alleles disappear or persist?

A

Persist

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6
Q

Complete the sentence:

Dominant alleles are always expressed and so if they are frequent,…

A

selection against them will remove recessive alleles

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7
Q

What contributes to allele loss or gain in relation to mutation?

A

Genetic drift

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8
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

The chance difference in transmission of alleles, leading to fluctuations in allele frequency

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9
Q

What doe genetic drift affect?

A
  • Strong affect on rare alleles
  • Greater influence on rare alleles than selection
  • Primary mechanism for increasing rare recessive alleles
  • Responsible for changing frequency of neutral mutation
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10
Q

What has a greater influence on rare alleles selection or genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift

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11
Q

What is called when genetic drift in small populations can produce biased frequencies?

A

Founder effect

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12
Q

Are genetic bottleneck and genetic drift similar ideas?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is balancing selection?

A

Variation is maintained in population

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14
Q

What effects balancing selection?

A
  • Heterozygote advantage
  • Frequency dependent selection
  • Fluctuating selection
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15
Q

Finish the sentence:

Alleles only have an advantage when…

A

Rare

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16
Q

What is heterogeneous environment in relation to selection?

A

Different phenotypes are favoured in different sub-areas of the population

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17
Q

What are the two components of fitness?

A
  • Survivorship

- Fecundity

18
Q

What is fitness?

A

Measure reproductive success

-the reproductive success of a genotype relative to the optimum genotype.

19
Q

What is the equation for fitness?

A

W = 1 - s

20
Q

What does W stand for in the fitness equation?

A

Fitness

21
Q

What does s stand for in the fitness equation?

A

Selection ( reduction in success of genotype

22
Q

What does s determine in the fitness equation?

A

How fast allele frequency’s change

23
Q

What is another name for fitness landscape?

A

Adaptive landscape

24
Q

What is adaptive landscape?

A

Used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and reproductive success

25
Q

Finish the sentence:

Since the environment change the adaptive peaks…

A

shift

26
Q

What drives evolutionary change?

A

Selection

27
Q

What are the modes of selection on quantitative traits?

A
  • Stabilising selection
  • Directional selection
  • Disruptive selection
28
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

Type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

29
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Occurs most often under environmental changes and when populations migrate to new areas with different environmental pressures

30
Q

What is another name for disruptive selection?

A

Diversifying selection

31
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favoured over intermediate values

  • Forms two distinct groups
  • Driving forces behind sympatric speciation
32
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

selection acts on an organism’s ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate.

33
Q

What is the problem with sexual selection?

A

Can produce features which are harmful to an individuals survival

34
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Changes in gene frequency across generations driven by interactions between related individuals

35
Q

What is relatedness measures?

A

The coefficient of relatedness.

36
Q

What is relatedness measures equation?

A

r = (1/2)^n

37
Q

What is the Hamilton’s Rule?

A

the definition of fitness as the number of an individual’s alleles in the next generation.

38
Q

What does Hamilton’s rule lead to?

A

Inclusive fitness

39
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

an individual’s combined representation in the gene pool of the next generation

40
Q

What is the equation of the Hamilton’s Rule?

A

(Cost of not reproducing/benefit of helping kin selection) < relatedness

BIO1334 - Genetics (24 decks)

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