Selection

Question 1

Define individuals in relation to selection:

Answer 1

unit of selection where they survive and reproduce or they don’t

Question 2

Complete the sentence:

New alleles are continuously created at a rate (µ) by…

Answer 2

mutation

Question 3

What are new mutations initially?

Answer 3

• Rare

- Most are recessive

Question 4

Complete the sentence:

When rare, recessive alleles are mostly present in heterozygotes, …

Answer 4

which makes selection against them negligible

Question 5

Do rare alleles disappear or persist?

Answer 5

Persist

Question 6

Complete the sentence:

Dominant alleles are always expressed and so if they are frequent,…

Answer 6

selection against them will remove recessive alleles

Question 7

What contributes to allele loss or gain in relation to mutation?

Answer 7

Genetic drift

Question 8

What is genetic drift?

Answer 8

The chance difference in transmission of alleles, leading to fluctuations in allele frequency

Question 9

What doe genetic drift affect?

Answer 9

• Strong affect on rare alleles
• Greater influence on rare alleles than selection
• Primary mechanism for increasing rare recessive alleles
• Responsible for changing frequency of neutral mutation

Question 10

What has a greater influence on rare alleles selection or genetic drift?

Answer 10

Genetic drift

Question 11

What is called when genetic drift in small populations can produce biased frequencies?

Answer 11

Founder effect

Question 12

Are genetic bottleneck and genetic drift similar ideas?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What is balancing selection?

Answer 13

Variation is maintained in population

Question 14

What effects balancing selection?

Answer 14

• Heterozygote advantage
• Frequency dependent selection
• Fluctuating selection

Question 15

Finish the sentence:

Alleles only have an advantage when…

Answer 15

Rare

Question 16

What is heterogeneous environment in relation to selection?

Answer 16

Different phenotypes are favoured in different sub-areas of the population

Question 17

What are the two components of fitness?

Answer 17

• Survivorship

- Fecundity

Question 18

What is fitness?

Answer 18

Measure reproductive success

-the reproductive success of a genotype relative to the optimum genotype.

Question 19

What is the equation for fitness?

Answer 19

W = 1 - s

Question 20

What does W stand for in the fitness equation?

Answer 20

Fitness

Question 21

What does s stand for in the fitness equation?

Answer 21

Selection ( reduction in success of genotype

Question 22

What does s determine in the fitness equation?

Answer 22

How fast allele frequency’s change

Question 23

What is another name for fitness landscape?

Answer 23

Adaptive landscape

Question 24

What is adaptive landscape?

Answer 24

Used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and reproductive success

Question 25

Finish the sentence: | Since the environment change the adaptive peaks...

Answer 25

shift

Question 26

What drives evolutionary change?

Answer 26

Selection

Question 27

What are the modes of selection on quantitative traits?

Answer 27

- Stabilising selection - Directional selection - Disruptive selection

Question 28

What is stabilising selection?

Answer 28

Type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

Question 29

What is directional selection?

Answer 29

Occurs most often under environmental changes and when populations migrate to new areas with different environmental pressures

Question 30

What is another name for disruptive selection?

Answer 30

Diversifying selection

Question 31

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 31

Changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favoured over intermediate values - Forms two distinct groups - Driving forces behind sympatric speciation

Question 32

What is sexual selection?

Answer 32

selection acts on an organism's ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate.

Question 33

What is the problem with sexual selection?

Answer 33

Can produce features which are harmful to an individuals survival

Question 34

What is kin selection?

Answer 34

Changes in gene frequency across generations driven by interactions between related individuals

Question 35

What is relatedness measures?

Answer 35

The coefficient of relatedness.

Question 36

What is relatedness measures equation?

Answer 36

r = (1/2)^n

Question 37

What is the Hamilton's Rule?

Answer 37

the definition of fitness as the number of an individual’s alleles in the next generation.

Question 38

What does Hamilton's rule lead to?

Answer 38

Inclusive fitness

Question 39

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 39

an individual’s combined representation in the gene pool of the next generation

Question 40

What is the equation of the Hamilton's Rule?

Answer 40

(Cost of not reproducing/benefit of helping kin selection) < relatedness