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BIO1334 - Genetics > Adaptation > Flashcards

Adaptation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define adaption:

A

A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

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2
Q

Who emphasised on the role of inheritance in explains the similarities between organisms?

A

Lamark and Darwin

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3
Q

What did Lamark and Darwin argue?

A

Modification were gradual and not random but arose in response to an organisms environment

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4
Q

What are the foundations of natural selection?

A
  • Some individuals are fitter, better suited to the environment
  • Survive and produce more offspring than less fit individuals
  • Frequency of genes encoding such traits increas
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5
Q

Define Muller’s ratchet:

A

Accumulation of deleterious mutations (which can be removed by sexual reproduction & recombination)

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6
Q

What may the population look like if the rate of mutation or drift balances selective pressure

A

Is not under pressure

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7
Q

What does the fundamental niche of species include?

A
  • Total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for living
  • No influence of interspecific completion or predation from other speices
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8
Q

What is a resized niche?

A

Part of the fundamental niche actually occupied by species

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9
Q

What promotes adaptation?

A
  • Moderate mutation rates
  • A small amount of gene flow
  • Directional selection
  • Developmental competence
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10
Q

What prevents adaptation?

A
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic drift
  • Large amounts of gene flow
  • Stabilizing selection
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11
Q

Fill in the the gap;

Smaller popluaino gave less potential for…than larger populations

A

local population

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12
Q

What will wide spread populations experience?

A

Different environnemental conditions

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13
Q

What will wide spread populations consist of?

A

Number of sub-populations that differ slightly or with consideraly

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14
Q

What is body plan?

A

Common basic body plan for different groups of organisms

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15
Q

Give an example of the body plan:

A

The eye - contains similar structures in many mammals but do different slightly

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16
Q

What can adaptation lead to?

A

Wide spread changes in development patterns leading to macroevolutionary events

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17
Q

What is saltation?

A

Major changing events

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18
Q

What is the 2 main debates in evolutionary biology concerning speech of evolutionary change?

A
  • Gradualism

- Punctuated-equlibrium

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19
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation

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20
Q

What is punctuated-equilibrium?

A

Evolution is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change

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21
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Extant species allow us to infer functions in (related) extinct species

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22
Q

What is analogous structures?

A

Unrelated species where no common descent mean that great care must be taken in establishing functions of traits in extinct species

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23
Q

Give 3 categories that must be fitted to be homologous structures:

A

Similarity by common descent,
similar form and function,
similar developmental trajectory

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24
Q

Give 3 categories that must be fitted to be analogous structures:

A

Different ancestry,
same function,
different developmental trajectory

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25
Q

Define exaltation:

A

Adaptation that involves new uses for existing traits

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26
Q

Define linked traits:

A

Traits may be selected ‘for’ because they are linked to something else

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27
Q

When does linked traits occur?

A

Allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing selection

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28
Q

What is the Pangloss’s Optimism?

A

Everything happens out of absolute necessity, and that everything happens for the best

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29
Q

Is Dr Pangloss correct that all adaption are for the best?

A

No, male genitals is not efficient

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30
Q

What is Dollo’s law?

A

Evolution is not reversible; i.e., structures or functions discarded during the course of evolution do not reappear in a given line of organisms.

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31
Q

What doe adaptationists seek to find?

A

Adaptive explanations for every characteristic of an organism, however

32
Q

What nonadaptive?

A

selectively neutral

33
Q

What is male urogenital system about adaption?

A
  1. Once a pathway of successive adaptations begins, reversals may be competitively disadvantageous or difficult to achieve
  2. Ancestry apparently constrains the range of variation available to natural selection
34
Q

What is an example of nonadaptive?

A

Maladaption

35
Q

What is the point of maladaptive?

A

Not adaptive just maintains the adaptions in the population

36
Q

Why must we be wary of function of adaptions?

A

-People can make up the function of the apaption

37
Q

Define co-evolution adaptation:

A

The evolution of reciprocal adaptations of two or more species that have prolonged close interactions

38
Q

What is co-evolution expected in?

A

Mutualism (++)
Parasitism, predation (-+)
Competition (–)

39
Q

What is co-evolution not expected in?

A

Commensalism (o+)

Amensalism (-o)

40
Q

What is the red-queen hypothesis?

A
  • The biotic and abiotic world is constantly changing, shifting adaptive peaks
  • Each species in an ecosystem is engaged in a permanent race with others
  • Success for one inevitably means a decline for another
41
Q

What is an arms race related to adaptation?

A

Situations where an innovation one species leads to a counter innovation in the other

42
Q

What are mullerian mimics?

A

Two species mimic each other

43
Q

Which species are usually the models since it what the selective agents are cuing on in regards to mullerian mimics?

A

Abundant species

44
Q

Why is co-evolution a two step process?

A
  • major gene mutation to make the less protected species look more like protected species
  • Then minor gene mutation in both species that refine mimicry
45
Q

What is batsman mimicry?

A
  • one unpalatable species

- May not involve co-evolutionary phenomena

46
Q

Define adaptive radiation:

A

The spread of new species of common ancestry into different niches, involving an excess of cladogenesis over extinction

47
Q

Define convergent evolution:

A

Organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

48
Q

Do homologous structures evidence of convergent evolution or adaptive radiation?

A

Adaptive radiation

49
Q

Do analogous structures evidence of convergent evolution or adaptive radiation?

A

convergent evolution

50
Q

What permits the coexistence of multiple species?

A

Diversification into different ecological roles, or niches

51
Q

What promotes adaptive radiation?

A
  • Intrinsic factors (metabolic and physiological and development opportunities )
  • Efficient dispersal
  • Extrinsic factors (empty habitats/novel environments/intensity of selection/founder effects)
  • Ecological releases
52
Q

What is ecological releases?

A

Occurs when a species expands its niche within its own habitat or into a new habitat where there is little competition for resources, which remain abundant

53
Q

What are the three stages on adaptive radiation?

A
  • Divergence of linage into different major habitats
  • Morphological specialisation leading to trophic differentiation within habitats
  • Sensory communication diversification (sexual selection)
54
Q

An example of convergent evolution:

A

Marsupial mammals to Eutherian mammals

55
Q

What is molecular convergent evolution?

A

Independent episodes of molecular evolution occurred, with the same functional results.

56
Q

What is an example of molecular convergent evolution?

A

Antarctic fish vs Arctic fish

57
Q

What are the limitations of convergent evolution?

A
  • Contingency
  • Functional/physical constraints
  • Developmental constraints
  • Genetic constraints
58
Q

What is contingency?

A

Evolution is based on chance events and/or dependent on other chance events

59
Q

Criteria for adaptive radiation:

A
  • common ancestry
  • phenotype – environment correlation
  • trait utility
  • rapid speciation
  • key evolutionary innovation and rapid diversification
60
Q

What is adpationist programme?

A

Seeks to find adaptive explanations for all traits in biology and has been a major concern of evolutionary biologists

61
Q

What is adaption described in terms of?

A

Their ability to promote fitness

62
Q

Wha are two experimental approaches to adaptation?

A
  • Manipulate species

- Manipulate environment

63
Q

How do manipulate species?

A
  • Population size
  • Variation (sexual vs asexual, in-breeding / outbreeding)
  • Attributes, e.g. size, colour
  • Modify e.g. biomimetics (tail, wing)
64
Q

How do you manipulate environment?

A
  • Modify species composition
  • Exclude or add predators / hosts
  • Alter physical factors e.g. temperature, humidity etc…
65
Q

What type of experiments are adaptation experiments?

A

Replicate and reproduce experiments

66
Q

Why are microbes a good model for experiments?

A
  • Easily propagated
  • Rapid generation times
  • Large population sizes
  • Easily stored (compare ancestors)
  • Environment readily controlled
  • Asexual or sexual
  • Single or mixed genotype
  • Phenotypes are easily detected
  • Whole genome sequencing
    Direct genetic manipulations possible
67
Q

When are microbes not a good model for experiments?

A

For complex animals and humans

68
Q

What were the stated aims in Ralney and Travisano?

A

Examine role of ecological opportunity and competition in driving genetic diversification

69
Q

What were the conclusions in Ralney and Travisano?

A
  • Ecological opportunities promote morphological diversification
  • Ecological homogeneity does not promote divergence
  • Mutation and selection alone are sufficient to promote new designs
  • Competition amongst niche variants maintains variation
  • Trade-offs in competitive ability drive adaptive radiation
70
Q

What do ecological opportunities promote?

A

Morphological diversification

71
Q

What is required to maintain diversity?

A

Spatial heterogeneity

72
Q

What is human induced selection?

A

Humans having an extreme effect on environment

The rate of evolution is much faster than once thought

73
Q

What is urban selection?

A

Novel ecosystem: with increase noise and light pollution adaptation, new diets, altered hydrology and surface cover

74
Q

What does isolate environments implicate?

A
  • Migration

- Bottlenecks

75
Q

What does change in climate have to do with adaption?

A

Adaptation to warming temperatures, changes in precipitation, change in frequency and severity of extreme events

76
Q

What prevents adaption?

A
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic drift
  • Large amounts of gene flow
  • Stabilizing selection

BIO1334 - Genetics (24 decks)

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