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BIO1334 - Genetics > Quantitative Genetics > Flashcards

Quantitative Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are most genetic traits (discontinuous or continuous variation) that have been studied?

A

Discontinuous variation

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2
Q

What are discontinuous variation?

A
  • Distinct categories
  • Tend to be qualitative
  • Controlled by a few genes
  • Unaffected by the environment
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3
Q

What are continuous variations?

A
  • No distinct categories
  • Tends to be quantitive
  • Controlled by a lot of genes
  • Strongly influenced by the enviroment
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4
Q

What is quantitative genetics?

A

The study of continuously measured traits (such as height or weight) and their mechanisms.

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5
Q

What are three types of polygenic traits?

A
  • Metric
  • Meristic
  • Threshold
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6
Q

What are the types of polygenic traits based on?

A

Theoretical assumption of an underlying normal distribution

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7
Q

What is metic?

A

Continuous scale

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8
Q

What is meristic?

A

Discrete scale

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9
Q

What is threshold?

A

Present or absent

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10
Q

What are different types of metric traits?

A
  • Mean

- Popluation variance

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11
Q

What is mean?

A

The central of phenotypic distribution

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12
Q

What is population variance?

A

The average squared deviation from the mean is called the variance

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13
Q

Why is quantitative genetics important?

A
  • Medicine
  • Agriculture
  • Conservation
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14
Q

How is quantitative genetics important for medicine?

A
  • Susceptibility to disease
  • Complex disorders caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors
  • Understanding genetic vs environmental causes
  • Prevention
  • Genetic counselling
  • Genetically-tailored treatments
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15
Q

How is quantitative genetics important for agriculture?

A
  • Economically important traits = quantitative traits.
  • Quantitative genetics theory and the basis for selective breeding
  • Environmental variation reduces efficiency of selection
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16
Q

How is quantitative genetics important for conservation?

A

Conservation of:

  • endangered species
  • captive breeding programmes

Consequences of inbreeding and outcrossing.

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17
Q

Are quantitative genetics fundamentally different from the Mendelian patterns of inheritance that you have been studying previously?

A

NO …traits are still determined by alleles of genes that are inherited following the laws of segregation and independent assortment

BUT …now we must consider traits that are influenced by many genes and are also influenced by the environment

18
Q

Finish:

Phenotype =…

A

genotype + environment

19
Q

What is the variation in population related to?

A

Vp = VG + VE + VGE

20
Q

What does VP stand for?

A

Phenotypic Variation

21
Q

What does VG stand for?

A

Genetic variance

22
Q

What does VE stand for?

A

Environmental variance

23
Q

What does VGE stand for?

A

Genetic x environmental interaction variance

24
Q

What can phenotypic variation in a trait be?

A

Partitioned

25
Q

How can VG be partitioned into variation?

A
  • Alleles present or additive effects (VA)
  • Dominance interaction (VD)
  • Epistatic interactions (VI)
26
Q

What is the VG equation?

A

VG = VA + VD + VI

27
Q

What is additive effect?

A

Effect of adding alleles

28
Q

What is dominance interaction?

A

Two alleles at the same locus

29
Q

What is epistatic interaction?

A

Alleles at different locus

30
Q

What is Genetic variance [VG]?

A

Contribution to phenotypic variation due to set of alleles present in a population and their interactions

31
Q

What is Environmental variance [VE]?

A

Contribution to phenotypic variation caused by differences in environmental conditions (E for environment)

32
Q

What is broad sense heritability?

A

Measures the importance of genetic variation (VG) relative to total variation (VP) in the phenotype

33
Q

What is the equation for broad sense heritability?

A

H^2 = VG/VP

34
Q

What is heritability of trait?

A

Describes how much variation is genetic

35
Q

What is narrow sense heritability?

A

Measures the importance of additive genetic variation (VA) or variation due to the alleles present in the population, relative to total variation (VP) in causing variation in the phenotype.

36
Q

What is the equation for narrow sense heritability?

A

H^2 = VA/VP

37
Q

What should the theoretical H^2 vary between?

A

0 and 1

38
Q

What does H^2 estimate?

A

Predict change in the population mean under selection

39
Q

Finish the sentence:

When H^2 increases, the response to…

A

selection increases

40
Q

Relating to y = mx + c what is h^2 equal to?

A

M

41
Q

What is the infinitesimal model?

A

A simple model of the inheritance of quantitative traits, which assumes an infinite number of unlinked loci, each with an infinitesimal effect

42
Q

Finish the sentence:

Infinite number of genes controlling a …..

A

phenotypic trait each with a very small effect

BIO1334 - Genetics (24 decks)

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