Phylogenetics and Speciation Flashcards
How do use genes to infer phylogenies?
Compare gene sequence, or their predicted protein sequence, with database sequences
-Look at alignments and maximise similarities
What tools can be used to infer phylogenies?
- BLAST – Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
- GenBank – non-redundant nucleotide database (nr)
What is phylogentics?
Eestimating relatedness between species based on sequence data
How to read phylogenetic?
The line with stuff brunching of is 100% identity then the on branching off it won’t be 100%
But will be very close if similar
What can we uses to infer relatedness of species by looking directly at the DNA sequences?
Molecular genetics
What is paralogous genes?
Genes duplicated into a species
What is orthologous genes?
Speciation
Finish the sentence:
Divergence between two homologous sequences is proportional to …
the mutation rate
What are molecular clocks?
Estimating the timing of events on trees
What is speciation?
Lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species
What is a species?
Group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
What is allopatric speciation?
Speciation in permeate areas (geographical barriers)
What is sympatric speciation?
In same areas
How is speciation reinforced?
- Pre-mating isolation
- Post-zygoting isolation
What is pre-mating isolation?
- Behavioural choices
- Spatial constraints
- Temporal isolation
- Mechanical incompatibility
