Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO1334 - Genetics > Control of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Control of Gene Expression Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the structure and function of a cell depend on?

A

What proteins are produced and in what quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do differences in gene expression depend on?

A

In both transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example relating to gene A, gene B and gene C of the dependence in gene expression on transcription and translation.

A

Gene A might not be transcribe whilst gene B is but gene B is not translated as much as gene C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does the control of gene expression matter?

A
  • All cells within complex multicellular organism contain the same DNA
  • But cells are made up of many different types of cells and tissues
  • The difference is caused by which genes are expressed in the genome at which time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When can gene expression be controlled?

A

At different points in the pathway from DNA to protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the first point of controlling gene expression?

A

Between DNA and RNA transcript = transcriptional control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the second point of controlling gene expression?

A

Between RNA transcript and mRNA = RNA processing control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the third point of controlling gene expression?

A

Between mRNA in the nucleus to mRNA in the cystosol = RNA transcript and localised control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the fourth point of controlling gene expression?

A

From mRNA to protein = translation control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the fifth point of controlling gene expression?

A

Between mRNA to an inactive mRNA = mRNA degradation control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the sixth point of controlling gene expression?

A

Between protein becoming an inactive protein or an active protein = protein activity controlling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many RNA polymerase are there that trascribe different sets of genes?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does RNA polymerase I transcribe?

A

5.8S, 18S, 28S rRNA genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does RNA polymerase II transcribe?

A

All protein-coding genes, including snoRNA genes, mi RNA genes, siRNA genes, IncRNA genes and most snRNA genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does RNA polymerase III transcribe?

A

tRNA, 5s rRNA, some snRNA and genes for smaller RNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the “S” value which RNA are assigned to?

A

The rate of sedimentation in an ultiracentrifuge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the RNA is assigned a large “S” value what does that show about the RNA?

A

That it is large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the general principles of initiation of transcription?

A
  • Promoter is required for RNA polymerase to bind
  • RNA polymerase interacts with general transcription factors when bound to promoter
  • Additional control sequences determine when a gene is transcribed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a cis-acting regulatory region?

A

DNA sequences recognised by proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do all regions transcribed by RNA polymerase II (class II) contain?

A
  • Enhancers

- Promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

Regulatory sites that can be distant from the promoter which acts as the binding site for activator proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a promoter?

A

Very close to protein coding region and included initiation site (where a transcription begins and a “TATA” box)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do trans-acting proteins (transcription factors) do?

A

Bind to the promoter and enhancer to control transcription from the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do activators and repressors bind to?

A

The enhancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bind to?

A

The promoter

26
Q

What binds to the promoter?

A

General transcription factors and RNA polymerase II

27
Q

What binds to the enhancers?

A

Activators and repressors

28
Q

Describe the process of the help of basal transcription factors on eukaryotic RNA polymerase II binding to the promotor:

A
  • TATA-box binding protein (TBP) subunit of TFIID binds to the TATA box
  • TBP/TFIID complex recruits TFIIB to the promoter
  • RNA polymerase II and transcription factors are recruited to promoter
  • TFIIH promotes the opening of DNA and phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II
29
Q

What helps eukaryotic RNA polymerase II bind to promoters?

A

General transcription factors

30
Q

What is another term for general transcription factors?

A

Basal transcription factors

31
Q

What stage is “TBP/TFIID complex recruits TFIIB to the promoter” in the help of basal transcriptions factors process?

A

Second

32
Q

What stage is “TATA-box binding protein (TBP) subunit of TFIID binds to the TATA box” in the help of basal transcriptions factors process?

A

First

33
Q

What stage is “TFIIH promotes the opening of DNA and phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II” in the help of basal transcriptions factors process?

A

Fourth

34
Q

What stage is “RNA polymerase II and transcription factors are recruited to promoter” in the help of basal transcriptions factors process?

A

Third

35
Q

What do activator proteins which are bound to enhancers interact with?

A

General transcription factors and RNA polymerase II

36
Q

What is an example of an activator protein?

A

Gal 4

37
Q

What does Gal 4 activate when bound to enhancer?

A

Activates multiple galactose-inducible genes in yeast

38
Q

Are cis-regulatory regions similar in different genes?

A

No highly variable

39
Q

Are promotors similar in different genes?

A

Generally similar

40
Q

Are coding regions similar in different genes?

A

No, specific for the protein encoded by each gene

41
Q

What does complex regulatory regions enable an organism to do?

A

Fine-tune gene expression

42
Q

What doe chromatin structure play a role in?

A

Eukaryotic gene regulation

43
Q

What is DNA packed into?

A

Condensed chromatin

44
Q

What does the chromatin structure provide on a runaway basal transcription?

A

A “brake”

45
Q

What are the 3 mechanism that make DNA more accessible to transcription factors?

A
  • Chromatin remodelling and remodelled nucleosome
  • Histone chaperon
  • Modification of histones
46
Q

What happens in making DNA more accessible in the mechanism chromatin remodelling and remodelled nucleosome?

A

Nucleosomes sliding allowed acmes of transcription machinery to DNA

47
Q

What happens in making DNA more accessible in the mechanism of histone chaperon?

A

A. remove histone protein/nucleosome meaning transcription machinery can assemble onto nucleus-free DNA
B. Exchange histone proteins for histone protein variants allowing greater access to nucleosomal DNA

48
Q

What happens in making DNA more accessible in the mechanism of modification of histones?

A

Destabilises a compact form of chromatin and attract components of transcription machinery

49
Q

What can core histones be covalently modified on?

A

On their N-Terminal

50
Q

What does histones being covalently modified on N-terminal do?

A

Alters transcription pattern in areas of histones

51
Q

What are the 4 different types of histone modification?

A
  • Methylation
  • Phosphorylation
  • Acetylation
  • Ubiquitylation
52
Q

Where can you find acetyl group found?

A

On Lysines (K)

53
Q

Where can you find phosphate groups found?

A

Serines (S) and Threonines (T)

54
Q

Where can you find methyl groups found?

A

Lysines (K) and Argentines (R)

55
Q

How many ubiquitin amino acid sequences are there?

A

76

56
Q

What does histone H3 K9 methylation do to the gene expression?

A

Represses

57
Q

What does histone H3 K9 acetylation d do to the gene expression?

A

Activates

58
Q

What can be covalently modified directly (excluding histones)?

A

DNA

59
Q

What does mentholated DNA do to the gene expression?

A

Represses

60
Q

What base pair may be under direct covalently modification?

A

In the sequence CG

61
Q

Can cytosine methylation patterns be inherited after DNA replication?

A

Yes

62
Q

What is epigenetic?

A

Change in phenotype that caused by change within the gene sequence

BIO1334 - Genetics (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions