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BIO1334 - Genetics > Patterns and Principles of Heredity > Flashcards

Patterns and Principles of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Formation of gametes involving special type of nuclear division that halves the chromosomes number

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2
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

After S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle

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3
Q

What happens after the s phase?

A
  • Division of pairs of chromosome types

- Division of sister chromatids

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4
Q

How is meiosis accomplished?

A

Through meiosis I and meiosis II

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5
Q

What is meiosis I?

A

Reproductive division (chromosome number is reduced)

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6
Q

What is meiosis II?

A

Separation of sister chromatids

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7
Q

Can mitosis do homologous recombination/crossing over?

A

No

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8
Q

Can meiosis do homologous recombination/crossing over?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of meiosis I:

A
  • 2 chromosomes which each have two sister chromatids attached at the centromere
  • Recombination occurs
  • Prophase I occurs
  • Then metaphase I
  • Homolog segregation
  • Then anaphase I
  • Finally Telophase I
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10
Q

Describe prophase I:

A
  • Chromosome condence
  • Homologous repair and form synaptonemal complex
  • Crossing over durting pairing
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11
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

Describe metaphase I:

A
  • Each pair of homologous line up at equator
  • Centromeres don’t divide
  • Orientation of pairs is random with respect to one another
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13
Q

Do centromeres divide during mitosis?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Do centromeres divide during meiosis?

A

No

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15
Q

Describe anaphase I:

A
  • Chromosomes move to separate poles

- Diploid mother cell

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16
Q

How many chromatids do chromosomes have during anaphase I?

A

2

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17
Q

Describe telophase I:

A

-Two daughter cells contain one of each chromosome

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18
Q

How many chromatids are in the two daughter cells at the end of telophase I?

A

2 chromatids in each daughter cell

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19
Q

What is the final product of meiosis I?

A

Haploid cell as consist of on chromosome in the cell

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20
Q

Describe meiosis II:

A
  • Metaphase II where individual chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
  • Anaphase II centromeres split, chromatids separate to opposite poles
  • Telophase II each daughter cell contains one chromosome of each types
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21
Q

Do centromeres split during meiosis II?

A

Yes

22
Q

If a geneticist were to closely examine the sequence of a single autosomal chromosome from one of your cells, that chromosome would be found to be:

A) Derived entirely from sequences from just one of your grandparents
B) A mosaic of sequences derived from all four of your grandparents
C) A mosaic of sequences derived from just two of your grandparents – either your two grandfathers or your two grandmothers
D) A mosaic of sequences derived from just two of your grandparents – either your maternal grandparents or your paternal grandparents

A

D

23
Q

What is heredity?

A

How genetic material is transmitted from one generation to another

24
Q

How are traits transmitted?

A
  • Alleles of genes are transmitted from parent to offspring according to particulate theory of inheritance
  • Monohybrid cross reveal Mendel’s Law of Segregation
  • Dihybrid crosses reveal Mendel’s Law of independent Assortment
25
Q

What is the particulate theory of inheritance?

A
  • Characters are distinct and genes are particulate in nature
  • Each adult has two genes for each character
  • Members of gene pair-segregate equally into gametes
  • Fusion of gametes at fertilisation restoration pair of genes and is random
  • Different genes assort independently in gametes
26
Q

What is the word for different forms of genes?

A

Alleles

27
Q

What terms are used to describe transmission genetics?

A 
Gene
Allele
Genotype
Phenotype
Homozygote
Heterozygote
F1
F2
28
Q

Describe gene:

A

Basic unit of biological information, specific segment of DNA that encodes a protein

29
Q

Describe allele:

A

Alternative forms of a gene

30
Q

Describe genotype:

A

Alleles at a locus

31
Q

Describe phenotype:

A

Observable characteristics

32
Q

Describe homozygote:

A

Identical (YY) alleles at a locus

33
Q

Describe heterozygote:

A

Different (Yy) alleles at a locus

34
Q

Describe F1:

A

First filial (son or daughter) generation after a cross

35
Q

Describe F2:

A

Second generation after a cross

36
Q

What is monohybrid cross in relation to law of segregation?

A
  • Crossing two heterozygote patterns
  • Meiosis results in formation of two types of gametes in equal numbers
  • Fertilisation resorts the two copies of gene to the offpring
37
Q

What is an offspring genotype?

A

Combination of specific alleles that they carry

38
Q

What are the word that are used to describe the hierarchy of genes

A

Dominate and recessive

39
Q

What is the probability of getting one allele over another during fertilisation?

A

1/2

40
Q

Why is the probability 1/2 of getting one allele over another during fertilisation?

A

As two alleles possible, each gamete can only carry one allele§

41
Q

A particular hypothetical human disease occurs with a probability of 0.1 in males and with a probability of 0.4 in females.

Assuming that the frequency of males is 0.5 and females 0.5 (50:50) in a very large population, what is the probability that an individual will be male and have the disease? Hint: the problem is best solved with a tree diagram.

A) 0.05
B) 0.1
C) 0.5
D) 0.6

A

A

42
Q

What are dihybrid cross?

A

The pattern of inheritance of two different traits at the same time.

43
Q

What do dihybrid crosses reveal?

A

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

44
Q

How do genes assort during formation of gametes?

A

Independently

45
Q

What ratio would mean that two traits are independent?

A

9:3:3:1

46
Q

What does 9:3:3:1 represent?

A

Random combination of two independent 3:1 ratios

47
Q

Wolves are sometimes observed to have black coats and blue eyes. Assume that each of these traits is controlled by a single locus gene and the genes are located on different chromosomes. Assume further that normal coat colour (N) is dominant to black (n) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). Suppose the breeding male and female of a pack are black with blue eyes and normal coloured with brown eyes, respectively. The female is also heterozygous for both traits.

What percentage of the offspring will be normal coloured with blue eyes?

Select one:
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
A

B

48
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and then reunite at random, one from each parent, at fertilisation.

49
Q

What law does transmission of alleles follow?

A

Law of basic probability

50
Q

What can the laws of probably be used for?

A

Predict the occurrence of specific genotypes in the offspring of even complex crosses.

51
Q

In dogs solid coat colour (S) is dominant over spotted (s) and black coat colour (B) is dominant over tan (b).
A female with a solid tan coat mates with a male with a solid blackcoat and produces a litter of 6 puppies. Using the informationfrom the puppies’ phenotypes, determine the genotypes of theparents. The phenotypes of the puppies are as follows:
2 solid tan
2 solid black
1 spotted tan
1 spotted black

Select one:
A.  mother = Ss bb, father = Ss BB
B.  mother = SS bb, father = Ss Bb
C.  mother = ss bb, father = SS BB
D.  mother = Ss bb, father = Ss Bb
A

D

BIO1334 - Genetics (24 decks)

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