Section 9C

Question 1

Poster colors

Answer 1

bright showy colors pattern often seen in reef fish that advertise territorial ownership, aid maintaining schools, and are used in sexual displays

Question 2

Aposematic (warming) coloration

Answer 2

bright coloration used by organisms to warn potential predators that they are distasteful or poisonous

Question 3

Propulsion mechanism

Answer 3

• anguiliform
• carangiform
  -subcarangiform
  -ostraciform

Question 4

fish locomotion

Answer 4

anguilliform, subcarangiform, carangiform, ostaciform

Question 5

propulsion in sharks and rays

Question 6

fish respiration

Answer 6

fish use their gills to extract 02 from the water, to eliminate CO2, and as an aid in maintaining proper salt balance

Question 7

Gill filaments

Answer 7

thin specialized tissues of gills that act as respiratory surface for gas exchange

Question 8

Countercurrent exchange system

Answer 8

two flows of fluid, like water or blood, move in opposite directions, thereby establishing a stable concentration gradient from some properly, usually heat or dissolved substances between them

Question 9

Gill pump

Answer 9

series of muscles found in cartilaginous fishes that are use to suck in water and push it past the gills

Question 10

Osmoregulation

Answer 10

process whereby an organism maintains the proper fluid and electrolyte balance within its cell and internal body fluids

Question 11

Rectal gland

Answer 11

osmoregulatory organ located in the hindgut that concentrates and secretes excess salt

Question 12

Fish cardiovascular system

Answer 12

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 13

Squalene

Answer 13

low density lipid that is often stored in the tissues of cartilaginous fishes; most in large liver

Question 14

Swim bladder

Answer 14

internal gas filled organ that allows a ray finned fish to control its buoyancy

Question 15

Gas gland

Answer 15

highly vascular structure found in many ray finned fishes that is capable of secreting gases (O2) into the swim bladder, increasing its internal pressure and allowing the animal to achieve neutral buoyancy at differing depths

Question 16

Fish nervous systems

Answer 16

olfactory system are highly developed in sharks; make up about 2/3 brain capacity, each nares is blind slit divided in 2 by fold, water into specific olfactory cells- flow through

taste receptors of ray finned fishes may be located to the surface of the head, jaws, tongue, mouth and barbels

most fish have monocular vision (eyes placed laterally)

Question 17

Barbels

Answer 17

slender tactile organs containing taste buds

Question 18

Lateral line

Answer 18

sensory organ found in aquatic organisms that is used to detect vibration and movement in surrounding water

Question 19

Neuromata’s

Answer 19

specialized receptor organs in the lateral lines of vertebrates that detect the direction of water movement

Question 20

Otoliths

Answer 20

calcareous structures found in the ear of a fish to detect sound

Question 21

Maculae

Answer 21

sensory membranes within in inner ear containing neuromast like sensory receptors that are used to detect fluid movement

Question 22

Nictitating membrane

Answer 22

transparent third eyelid that protects the eye while maintaining visibility

Question 23

Sharks eyes

Answer 23

some sharks without membrane can roll their eyes to protect them

Question 24

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Answer 24

electroreceptor system that is exquisitely sensitive to low frequency electric stimuli

Question 25

Spiral Valve

Answer 25

modification of the lower portion of the intestine whereby internal surfaces are twisted and coiled to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption

Question 26

Gill rakers

Answer 26

boney or cartilaginous process used in filter feeding that project from the gill arches of ray finned and cartilaginous fishes

Question 27

Cold Adaptations

Answer 27

1. development of antifreeze (glycoproteins)
2. reduced number of blood cells/hemoglobin
3. enlarged heart; increased body volume

Question 28

Predator avoidance adaptations

Answer 28

• venomous
• spines
• pectoral find
• scales

Question 29

Oviparity

Answer 29

primitive model for fish reproduction- typical of bony fishes

fertilization external; large number of egged and sperm are shed into number

embryos- small amount of yolk; hatch undeveloped

Question 30

Ovoviviparity

Answer 30

fertilization is internal and eggs hatch within the uterus; nourished by yolk stored in the egg

embryos- large amount of yolk; hatch well developed

Question 31

Viviparity

Answer 31

fertilization is internal and embryos nourished directly from female via placenta attached to uterine wall

embryos- smaller amount of yolk; hatch extremely well developed

Question 32

Oophagy

Answer 32

practice if embryos feeding on eggs by the ovary while still inside the mothers uterus

compartmentalization of uterus reduces oophagy

Question 33

Pelagic spawners

Answer 33

release vast quantities of eggs into water (cod, tuna, sardines)

Question 34

Benthic spawners

Answer 34

large eggs, more yolk, spread across bottom or vegetation (salmon)

Question 35

Brood hiders

Answer 35

hide their eggs in a brood but do not provide parental care (grunion)

Question 36

Bearers

Answer 36

lay eggs in mouth or pouch of male who protects them (jaw fish and seahorses)

Question 37

Hermaphodism

Answer 37

animal that possesses both male and female sex organs

Question 38

Protogyny

Answer 38

type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born a female changes sex to become male

Question 39

Protandry

Answer 39

type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born a male changes sex to become female

Question 40

Larval development

Answer 40

larval fish are nourished by a yolk sac attached to their abdomen; once yolk sac is absorbed they feed as plankton