Section 9C Flashcards
Poster colors
bright showy colors pattern often seen in reef fish that advertise territorial ownership, aid maintaining schools, and are used in sexual displays
Aposematic (warming) coloration
bright coloration used by organisms to warn potential predators that they are distasteful or poisonous
Propulsion mechanism
- anguiliform
- carangiform
-subcarangiform
-ostraciform
fish locomotion
anguilliform, subcarangiform, carangiform, ostaciform
propulsion in sharks and rays
fish respiration
fish use their gills to extract 02 from the water, to eliminate CO2, and as an aid in maintaining proper salt balance
Gill filaments
thin specialized tissues of gills that act as respiratory surface for gas exchange
Countercurrent exchange system
two flows of fluid, like water or blood, move in opposite directions, thereby establishing a stable concentration gradient from some properly, usually heat or dissolved substances between them
Gill pump
series of muscles found in cartilaginous fishes that are use to suck in water and push it past the gills
Osmoregulation
process whereby an organism maintains the proper fluid and electrolyte balance within its cell and internal body fluids
Rectal gland
osmoregulatory organ located in the hindgut that concentrates and secretes excess salt
Fish cardiovascular system
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Squalene
low density lipid that is often stored in the tissues of cartilaginous fishes; most in large liver
Swim bladder
internal gas filled organ that allows a ray finned fish to control its buoyancy
Gas gland
highly vascular structure found in many ray finned fishes that is capable of secreting gases (O2) into the swim bladder, increasing its internal pressure and allowing the animal to achieve neutral buoyancy at differing depths
Fish nervous systems
olfactory system are highly developed in sharks; make up about 2/3 brain capacity, each nares is blind slit divided in 2 by fold, water into specific olfactory cells- flow through
taste receptors of ray finned fishes may be located to the surface of the head, jaws, tongue, mouth and barbels
most fish have monocular vision (eyes placed laterally)
Barbels
slender tactile organs containing taste buds
Lateral line
sensory organ found in aquatic organisms that is used to detect vibration and movement in surrounding water
Neuromata’s
specialized receptor organs in the lateral lines of vertebrates that detect the direction of water movement
Otoliths
calcareous structures found in the ear of a fish to detect sound
Maculae
sensory membranes within in inner ear containing neuromast like sensory receptors that are used to detect fluid movement
Nictitating membrane
transparent third eyelid that protects the eye while maintaining visibility
Sharks eyes
some sharks without membrane can roll their eyes to protect them
Ampullae of Lorenzini
electroreceptor system that is exquisitely sensitive to low frequency electric stimuli
Spiral Valve
modification of the lower portion of the intestine whereby internal surfaces are twisted and coiled to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption
Gill rakers
boney or cartilaginous process used in filter feeding that project from the gill arches of ray finned and cartilaginous fishes
Cold Adaptations
- development of antifreeze (glycoproteins)
- reduced number of blood cells/hemoglobin
- enlarged heart; increased body volume
Predator avoidance adaptations
- venomous
- spines
- pectoral find
- scales
Oviparity
primitive model for fish reproduction- typical of bony fishes
fertilization external; large number of egged and sperm are shed into number
embryos- small amount of yolk; hatch undeveloped
Ovoviviparity
fertilization is internal and eggs hatch within the uterus; nourished by yolk stored in the egg
embryos- large amount of yolk; hatch well developed
Viviparity
fertilization is internal and embryos nourished directly from female via placenta attached to uterine wall
embryos- smaller amount of yolk; hatch extremely well developed
Oophagy
practice if embryos feeding on eggs by the ovary while still inside the mothers uterus
compartmentalization of uterus reduces oophagy
Pelagic spawners
release vast quantities of eggs into water (cod, tuna, sardines)
Benthic spawners
large eggs, more yolk, spread across bottom or vegetation (salmon)
Brood hiders
hide their eggs in a brood but do not provide parental care (grunion)
Bearers
lay eggs in mouth or pouch of male who protects them (jaw fish and seahorses)
Hermaphodism
animal that possesses both male and female sex organs
Protogyny
type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born a female changes sex to become male
Protandry
type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born a male changes sex to become female
Larval development
larval fish are nourished by a yolk sac attached to their abdomen; once yolk sac is absorbed they feed as plankton
