Section 8C Flashcards
Chordates
animals that belong to the phylum chordata
-possess a notochord
-pharyngeal gill slits
-postanal tail
-dorsal
-hollow nerve tube
Tunicates
chordate animal belonging to subphylum urochordata
Tunic
body covering of urochardates
Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)
tunicates
Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)
tunicates
Salps (class thaliacea)
free swimming urochordates that belong to class thaliacea
Larvaceans (class larvacea)
free swimming urochordates that belong to class larvacea
Cephalochordates (subphylum cephalochirdata)
fish like chordates that belong to subphylum cephalochordata
Fishes
diverse group of animals that evolved over 530 million years ago from invertebrate chordates
-pharyngeal gill slits
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve tube
-postanal tail
-have cranium
- important to human nutrition
-90% of commercial fisheries will be depleted by 2050
Vertebrae
series of bones or cartilages that surround the spinal chord and constitute the spinal column of vertebrate organisms
Hagfish and Lampreys
-lack parked appendages and scales
-skeletons composed of cartilage
-Hagfish lack vertebrae (phylum myxini)
-Lampreys (subphylum vertebrata)
Hagfish
produce copious slime
-bottom dwellers in deep ocean; 77 species
-feed using dental plates on soft bodied inverts and scavenge on large vertebrates
-scavenge from inside out
-knot bodies to remove slime
Lampreys
9 to 43 species are marine
-use oral disk and rasping tongue with horny teeth to grasp prey, rasp a hole in the side of the body, and suck out tissues of fluids
Anafromous
fish that spend their adult life in the ocean but spawn in fresh water
Ammocetes
are eel like larvae of various lamprey species
Class Chondrichthyes
sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras
-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins, and placoid scales
Holocephalans
chimaeras or ratfish
Elasmobranchs
sharks, skates and rays
Placoid Scales
type of scales in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates
Sharks
top predators in ocean food webs
all carnivorous; feeding on marine mammals, turtles, other sharks, large fishes, small fish, invertebrates, zooplankton,
Zooplanktivorous
animals that filter feed on small non photosynthetic organisms in the plankton
Class Chrondrichthyes
includes sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras
-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins and placoid scales
Class Chrondrichthyes
includes sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras
-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins and placoid scales
Claudal fin
tale fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle and it is used for propulsion
Heterocercal tail
asymmetrical fin; vertebrae extend into its larger lobe
Claspers
only on males, used in sharks and rays in sperm transfer
Spiracles
small openings located behind the eyes of sharks and rays that serve as an opening for water entering the gill chamber when the animal is at rest
Skates and Rays differ from eachother by
- skates have muscular tails with small fins, lay eggs-mermaid or devils purse are the egg capsule
- Rays have whip like tails with venomous spine, give birth to live young
Chimaeras( class holocephali)
ratfish, rabbit fish, spook fish
differ from elasmobranchs via:
- upper jaw immovable
-lack spiracle
-gills are covered with an operculum
Operculum
stuff flap of tissue that covers the gills of ray finned fishes and chimaeras
Cloaca
common chamber of the products of the intestinal and urogenital systems
Coelacanths(class sarcopterygii)
have rod shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins
Monophyletic Group (clades)
group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants
Ganoid scales
thick bony plates composed on an inner layer of bone and an outer layer of
Cycloid Scales
thin plates of dermal bone with smooth margins found in the skin of some ray finned fish
Ctenoid Scales
thin plates of dermal gone with tiny teeth on their protection
placoid scales
type of scale in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates
Homocercal tail
extend beyond the end of the vertebral column and are symmetrical
Heterocercal tails
asymmetrical fin, vertebrae extend into its larger lobe
Body Shapes
-Fusiform:refers to a body shape characterized by tapering at both the head and the tail
-reef fish
- bottom dwellers
-sedentary
-burrowing
Obliterative Countershading
different coloration in upper or lower body surfaces as a means of camouflage
Disruptive Coloration
use of vertical lines to interrupt the background color of the body; often includes eye stripe and eyespot
Chondrostei (ray finned fish)
heterocercal tail, primarily cartilage, ganoid scales
Neopterygii (ray finned fish)
homocercal tail, bony skeleton, cycloid or ctenoid scales, maneuverable fins
Ray finned fishes
class actinoperygii
Chromatophores (pigment)
pigment containing and light, reflecting cells that generate skin and eyecolor
Iridophores (pigment)
Specialized skin pigment cells that use crystalline plates made of guanine to reflect light
