Section 7B Flashcards
Cerata
projections found in the body of nudibranchs that increase the surface area available for gas exchange
Trochophore larvae
free swimming larvae stage associated with primitive gastropods that shed their eggs into the water
Veliger larvae
free swimming larvae stage characteristic of many marine gastropods
Pheromones
hormones released into the environment by an animal that controls the development and behavior of other animals of the same species
Hermaphroditic Limpets
Credipula
congregate in stacked groups: male on top and female on bottom
Bivalves
molluscs in the class bivalvia, that have 2 hinged shells covering their body
have no head or radula; bodies are laterally composed
Umbo
area around the hinge; oldest part of the bivalve
Adductor muscles
close the 2 valves of a bivalve shell
Inhalant opening
opening firmed by the mantle that allows water to enter the mantle cavity
Exhaling opening
opening formed by the mantle that allows water to exit the mantle cavity
Palps
pair of structures around the mouth that form a food mass from the food filtered by the bivalve and move it to the animals mouth
Siphons
tubular structures formed from a bivalves mantle that are fused around the incurrent and excurrent siphons
Byssal threads
tough threads composed of protein
Cephalopods
molluscan class cephalopods; octopus and squid
Nautiloids
cephalopods whose body is covered by a shell
produce large coiled shells composed of chambers
Coleoids
cephalopods that don’t have an external shell
have 10 appendages; 8 arms and 2 tentacles; have small internal shell
Septa
partitions that separate the chambers of a nautilus shell
Siphuncle
cord of tissue that runs through the chambers of a nautilus and removed seawater fork new chambers
Crop
sac like structure that stores food
Squid have a PEN
strip if hard protein that helps support the mantle
Sepia
dark fluid produced by the ink gland of coleids
Melanin
brown black pigment; deep sea squid have white or bioluminescent sepia
Chromatophores
pigment containing cells that function in color changes
Spermatophore
package of sperm
Oviduct
tube that carrie’s eggs to the outside of the body
Annelids
worms belonging to phylum Annelida
bodies are divided internally and eternally into segments
Hydrostatic Skeleton
means of supporting an animals body using fluid contained in a body compartment
Setae
smalls bristles on the skin of some annelids
Polychaetes
annelid works belonging to the class Polychaeta
Errant Polychaetes
actively moving; predators
Sedentary Polychaetes
Sessile: suspension/filter feeder
Non selective deposit feeders
animals that invest both organic and mineral particles and then digest the organic material
Fecal Cast(castings)
mass of organic material and mineral particles that are defecated by deposit feeders
Selective deposit feeders
animals that separate organic material from minerals and ingest only the organic material
Epitoky
type of reproduction in some polychaetes that involves the production of a reproductive individual that is adapted for a free swimming existence
Epitoke
free swimming reproductive epitoky
Swarming
behavior that bring reproductive individuals together
Fertilization
chemical release by some female epitokes that stimulates male to release sperm; stimulates females to release eggs
Sipunculids(peanut worms)
solitary nonsegmented annelid worms
belong to class supuncula;burrowing
Echiurans (spoonworms)
sausage shaped annelids that belong to class echiura
Pogonophorand (beardworms)
annelids that belong to class pogonophora
live in tubes in deep water; lack mouth and digestive track-absorbing directly into tentacles
Nematodes(roundworms)
works that belong to phylum nematoda
numerous animals on earth, 50% are marine, parasitic, carnivorous, scavengers, important in nutrient cycling
Arthropods
animals with jointed appendages belonging to phylum arthropoda
Exoskeleton
hard exterior skeleton
Chitin
touch polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton in arthropods
Molting
process whereby an arthropod sheds its old exoskeleton and forms a new one
Chelicerates
arthropods that have a pair of oral appendages called chelicerae that function feeding
Mandibulates
arthropods mandibles for chewing food
mostly crustaceans(shrimp, crab, lobster)
Horseshoe Crabs
not true crabs; chelicerates that live in shallow water coaster waters
Chelicerae
appendages for filtering food
Cephalothorax
body region composed of fused head and thorax
Abdomen
body region of an animal that corresponds to its body
Telson
long spike used by horseshoe crabs for steering and defense
Sea Spiders
chelicerates found in a variety of environments;especially polar seas
Palps
sensory structures
-four pairs of walking legs
-males carry the developing eggs in specialized appendages
Mandibukate Anatomy
3 main regions
-head
-thorax
-abdomen
Mandibles
appendages found in mandibulate arthropods that are modified for feedings
Swimmerets
arthropod chelipeds; claws appendages modified for swimming
Arthropod Molting
controlled by specific hormones produced by glands in the head
- triggered by environmental conditions
Decapods
arthropods that belong to class develops
5 pairs of walking legs
-most are predators or scavengers
Decapod Reproduction
sexes are usually separate males transmit sperm packaged in spermatophore
Copulatory Pleopods
anterior 2 pair of abdominal appendages in male decapods which are adapted for delivering spermatophores to a female
Zoea
planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as crabs and mantis shrimp
Nauplius
planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as shrimp and barnacles
Mantis shrimp(order stromatopoda)
highly specialized predators
- enlarged thoracic appendages
-either lead or smash prey
Krill(order euphausiaces)
shrimp like crustaceans
-filter feeders feed primarily on zooplankton
-most are bioluminescent
Swarms
large mass of krill
Amphipods
Crustaceans belonging to order amphipoda; resemble shrimp
- herbivores, detritivores, or scavengers
Gnathopods
special appendages found in amphipods that are used in feeding
Copepods
small planktonic crustaceans belonging to class copepoda
-largest group of small crustaceans
-most abundant marine zooplankton
-exhibit daily vertical migrations
Barnacles
sessile crustaceans belong to class cirripedia; attach to hard surfaces
Cyprid larvae
planktonic larval stage that develops from a naupilus larva in the life cycle of a barnacle
Arthropods as food
crustaceans are food for humans and other marine animals; copeods and krill have huge trophy impact on food webs
Arthropods as symbionts
copeods are parasitic, shrimp are mutualistic cleaners, other are commensals
Arthropods as recyclers and foulers
grass shrimp (opae) feed in detritus, barnacles primary biofoulers
Arroworms
planktonic organisms belonging to phylum chaetognatha
-common plankton in tropical surface waters
Grasping Spines
structure on the heads of arroworms
Echinoderms
animals with spiny skins belonging to phylum echinodermata
Endoskeleton
internal skeleton
Ossicles
plates of carbon that make up echinoderm skeletons
Pedicellariae
pincer-like structures found in the skin of echinoderms
Water vascular system
system of tubes found in the body of echinoderms through the body and functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and excretion
Madreporite
site at which water enters the vascular system of echinoderms
Podia
tube feet
Ambulacral groove
groove in which the podia are located
Sea stars
class astroidea
Arboreal surface
side opposite to the mouth
Ophiuroids
echinoderms belonging to class ophiuroidea
-greatest number of echinoderm species
-brittle stars, basket stars, serpent stars
- 5 arms, defined central disk
Automize
cast off a body part
-if break is beyond the point of its disk it can be regenerated
Echinoids
class echinoida
regular echinoids
echinoids with spherical bodies, commonly referred to sea urchins
irregular echinoids
echinoids whose bodies aren’t spherical
-sand dollars, heart urchins
Aristotles Lantern
feeding structure formed from the dive teeth of a sea urchin
Urchin Feeders
grazers
Sea cucumbers
class holothuroidea
Respiratory tree
system of tubules in a sea cucumber that functions in gas exchange
Oral tentacles
modified tube feet located around the mouth of a sea cucumber that function in feeding
Cuvierian tubules
sticky tubules ejected from the anus of some sea cucumbers that function in defense
Eviscerate
release internal organs through anus or mouth
Crinoids
echinoderms belonging to class crinoidea; sea lillie’s and feather stars
Cirri
hook like surfaces on feather stars used for clinging to hard substrates
Ecological roles of echinoderms
food for humans and animals; poison produced by cucumbers and urchins
Roe
an organisms ovaries and eggs
Holothurin
toxic substance produced by sea cucumbers
Hemichirdates(acorn worms)
work like animals
Hemichordata
sessile bottom dwellers
-once considered with chordates
Chordates
animals that belong to phylum chordates
-possess a notichord
-pharyngeal gill slits
-post anal tail
-hollow nerve tube
Notochord
rod shaped structure that forms the axial skeleton of chordates some time in their life cycle
Pharyngeal hill slits
slit like openings found in the neck of chordates some in it’s life cycle
Postanal tail
tail extends past anus
Dorsal hollow nerve tube
neural structure found in chordates some time in their life cycle
