Section 6B Flashcards
Mangroves
intertidal salt tolerant tree or shrub if tropical coastlines; black and red
Mangal
forest of mangroves
Arial Root
root that occurs above the ground
Stilt Root
aerial roots that hold up mangroves
Prop Root
stilt root that arises from the trunk
Drop Root
stilt root that arises from a branch
Lenticels
scar like openings on the surface of the roots that supply oxygen to the root system
Anchor Roots
short branches from the main root that hold the tree in the sediment
Nutritive Roots
the finest divisions of roots for absorption of minerals
Cable Roots
subterranean horizontal part of a root system that extends from the trunk
Pneumatophores
aeriel roots that grow out of the sediment from a cable root and provide air to the root
Stomata
is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange
Propagule
dispersal stage of mangrove
Hypocotyl
initial stem of young plant
4 Characteristics of Animals
- multicellular
- eukaryotic & lack cell walls
- cannot produce their own food
- can actively move (at some point in their life history)
Invertebrates
animal that lacks a backbone
Vertebrates
animals that have a backbone
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
simple asymmetrical sessile animals
Sessile
permanently attached to a solid surface
Ostia
holes in a body of sponges through which water enters
Spongocoel
cavity in the body of a sponge
Osculum
opening through which sponge expels water
Tissue
group of specialized sells that function together as a unit
Collar Cells (Choanocytes)
flagellate cells in a sponge that circulates water and traps food
Pinacocytes
cells that make up the outer covering of a sponge and like the internal chambers not lines by choanocytes
Archaocytes
cells that form any of the cells types in a sponges body
Spicules
structures that support a sponges body; made of CaCO3, silica, or spongin
Spongin
a protein that makes up flexible spicules
Sponge Body Forms
size limited by ability to circulate water and body form
Asconoid
type of sponge body that lacks invagination; simple, tubular, small, found in clusters
Syconoid
type of sponge body with single spongocoel many invagination; pockets lines with choanocytes
Leuconoid
type of sponge with multiple spongocoels and chambers leading to them; chambers lined with choanocytes, most complex/largest sponges
Suspension Feeder
organism that feeds on food suspended in the water (20% of feeding via phagocytosis)
Filter Feeders
filters plankton or nutrients suspended in water
Budding
type of sexual reproduction in which a group of cells on the surface of the parent develop into a new individual
Hermaphrodites
animals that can produce both male and female gametes
Sperm- drones from modified choanocytes
Eggs- usually develop from archaeocytes
Photoperiod
relative amount of light and darkness in a 24 hour period
Sponge Competition
compete with corals and bryozoans; make chemicals that kill corals
Sponge Predators
silica spicules inhibit grazing; fed on by a few fish and molluscs and hawksbill sea turtles
Sponge Symbiosis
symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, shrimp, and fishes
Cnidarian
animal that belongs to phylum Cnidaria
Cnidocyte
stinging cell found in all cnidarians
Radial Symmetry
organization of body parts around a central axis
Polyp
generally benthic form of cnidarian characterized by a cylindrical body with an opening at one end, usually surrounded by tentacles
Medusa
free floating form of a cnidarian that resembles an umbrella
Epidermis
outer layer of cells
Gastrovascular Cavity
large cavity found within the body of some animals
Gastrodermis
layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity
Masoglea
gelatinous material found between the epidermis and gastrodermis
Cnida
stinging organelle of a cnidocyte
Nematocyst
spearing type of cnida
Cnidocil
shirt bristle like structure that acts as a trigger for a cnidocyte
Hydrozoans(hydroids)
mostly colonial cnidarian that belong to class hydrozoa
- composed of individual members that are physically connected and adapted to share resources (food)
Feeding Polyp(gastrozooid)
polyp in a hydrozoan colony that captures food for the colony
Reproductive Polyp(gonogium)
polyp in a hydrozoan colony that asexually reproduces hydrozoan medusae
Scyphozoans (true jellyfish)
cnidarian known as jellyfish belonging to the class schyphpzoa
Photoreceptors
light sensing organs; use to determine light or dark
Cubozoans(box jellyfish)
cnidarian known as box jellyfish belonging to the class cubozoa
Anthozoans(anemonies, corals, gorganians)
benthic cnidarians belonging to the class anthozoa; sessile
Sedentary
animals they can move but spend the majority of time staying in one please
Acrorhagi
specialized tentacles found in some anemones that are used to prevent other anemones from getting too close
Scleractinian Corals
corals with hard skeletons of CaCO3
Octocorals
soft corals whose polyps have 8 tentacles
Gorgonians
soft corals that belong to the order gorgonacea
Gastrovascular Cavity
functions both in digestion and movement of materials; waste forced back through the mouth
Reproduction in Hydrozoans
Asexual - Polyps
Sexual - Medusa
Planular Larvae
planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian
Reproduction in Scyphozoans
sexes generally separate; medusa l sexual stage, produce planula larvae, form polyp, produce medusa like buds by asexual reproduction
Reproduction in Anthozoans
Asexual is common
Pedal Laceration
type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a period of the animals base (pedal disk) is broken off and field a new individual
Fission
type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which the anime splits into two
Ctenophores (cone jellies)
gelatinous zooplankton belonging to the phylum ctenophora
- nearly transparent; either rows of comb plates
Ctenes
cells of cilia used by ctenophores for locomotion
Statocyst
an organ found in some animals that helps them maintain equilibrium
Colloblasts
adhesive cells on the tentacles of ctenophores and are used to capture pray
Cydippid Larva
planktonic larvae of a ctenophore
Midsaggital Plane
plane through the midline of the central axis of an animal
Flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
flattened bodies and exhibit bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
evolutionary process whereby sense organs become concentrated in a head of an animal
Turbellarians
non parasitic flat forms
Meiofauna
tiny invertebrates that live in spaces between sediment particles
Flukes
parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles
Tapeworms
parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of animals
Chemoreceptors
sense organs that can detect chemicals in the environment; used to detect prey
Pharynx
muscular tube that forms part of an animals digestive system; used to invest prey
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
animals with ribbon like bodies
Proboscis
tube like structure used by ribbon works to capture prey
Lophophorates
sessile animals belonging to several phyla (phloronida, ectoprocta, brachiopoda) that share commons feature of a feeding device
Lophophore
an arrangement of cilliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange
Phoronids
worm like animals belonging to phylum phoronida; feed on plankton and have planktonic larval structure
Bryozoans
small animals belonging to the phylum ectoproctra; colonial individuals are known as ZOOIDS
Brachiopod
animal belonging to phylum brachiopoda; resembles a bivalve mollusc
Molluscs
animals that belong to the phylum mollusca; one of the largest and successful phylum’s and animals (chitons, snails, clams, octopods, squid)
Head Foot
part of the molluscan body that contains the animals head and a muscular foot
Visceral Mass
part of the molluscan body that contains all of the organs; with the exception of the animals head and foot
Mantle
tissue found in mollsucs that’s responsible for forming the shell in animals that have one and that in cephalopods functions in locomotion
Mantle Cavity
space between the mantle and the molluscs body
Radula
ribbon of tissue that contains teeth; present in all molluscs except bivalves
Periostracum
outermost layer of a molluscan shell
Conchiolin
protein that makes up the periostracum
Prismatic Layer
middle layer of the shell made of protein and CaCo3
Chitons
members of the molluscan class polyplacophora and they have flattened bodies that are most often covered by either shell plates
herbivores and feeds with radula
Scaphopods
members of the molluscan class scaphopoda commonly called tusk shells
buried in sediment and feeds with tentacles
Gastropods
members of molluscan class Gastropoda
most shelled; single piece called UNIVALVE
1. coiled
2. uncoiled
Whorl
turn of a gastropod shell around a central axis
Aperture
opening to a gastropod cell
Operculum
structure that some gastropods have for closing their aperture
Bulb Gland
gland located near the mouth of a cone snails produce ?
Nudibranch
Shell-less molluscs
Cretea
