12D Flashcards
Diving Adaptations
Cease breathing during diving events which causes conflicting conditions
1. O2 stores low with high activity (O2 demand)
2. CO2 and lactate high in blood and muscle
Once O2 is used up, muscle activity is maintained anaerobically which results in high accumulation of lactate
Hemoglobin
O2 binding molecule of red blood cells; can deliver O2 where needed
Myoglobin
O2 binding molecule of muscle cells; delivers O2 directly to muscles
Hematocrit
packed red blood cell volume; hemoglobin volume - higher in mammals with increased diving capacity
Anaerobic Diving
a dive that does not use O2; lactic acid and H+ ions accumulate
Bradycardia
decline in heart rate
Ischemia
preferential distribution of blood to O2 sensitive organs; temp and metabolic rate
Dive Response
during dive, available O2 lowers (hypoxia) and CO2 rises (hypercapnia)
together create asphyxia
Dive Response - Bradycardia
Decreased heart rate - modest (sirenians), moderate (cetaceans), extreme (phocids)
Measured in diving mammals, birds
Phocids (except elephant seals)
typically give birth with individual females residing alone
Otariids
typically aggregate in large numbers at an established breeding beach or rookery to give birth
Polygynous
males mating with more than one female
Seasonal delayed implantation
process in which the implantation of an embryo in the mothers uterus is delayed in order to allow for birth to occur at the most opportune time
allows mother to adjust
Gestation Period
period of pregnancy
process where that fertilized egg undergoes several cell divisions forming a blastocyst
Blastocyst
early development stage in a mammal characterized by a hollow mass of cells
