Section 4B Flashcards
Consolidation
aggregation of suspended particles in seawater of bacteria
Lithification
conversion of consolidated particles into a solid mad with mineral content
Sedimentation
settlement of water particles from suspension in water
Nitrogen fixation
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ion
Nitrogenase
enzyme used to fix nitrogen by breaking strong molecular is nitrogen gas; takes place in hetercost
Symbiotic bacteria
many bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms
endosymbiosis theory
body of evidence supporting the idea that some one called organisms have evolved by the incorporation of the other one called organisms of their organelles into host cell (fungi, plant, animals)
Eukarya
domain that contains all organisms with eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)
Phagocytosis
a cell engulfs a particle by inwardly folding and separation of the cell membrane to form a vacuole
plastids
an organelle in eukaryotic cell derived originally by endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium (e.g. chloroplasts)
Endosymbiont
guest organisms or a organelle that lives within a host organism or cell
Hydrogen hypothesis
concept on the origin of eukaryotic cells that postulates an endosymbiont relationship between a host archaeologist that needed hydrogen for chemosynthesis and a guest bacterium that released hydrogen and become a mitochondrion
Plastid Endosymbiosis
evolutionary process by which a heterotrophic host cell gains the ability to photosynthesize from a photoautotroph guest cell
Deep-sea vent community
community of marine organisms that depend upon the specialized environment found at divergence zones in the ocean floor
chemosynthetic bacteria
can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using other chemicals rather than sunlight as a source of energy
heterotrophic bacteria
Decomposers; use surrounding organic matter for materials and energy release exoenzymes to digest natural molecules, resistant to decay (cellulose)
Heterocost
specialized cell in which conditions favorable for nitrogen fixation are maintain - in cyanobacteria
Bioluminescent Bacteria
capable of emitting blue-green or yellow light using chemical energy
Photophores
an organ in some organisms that produces bioluminescence; contain cultures of luminescent bacteria
Archea
domain that contains archaeons which were formerly considered to be bacteria
Archaeons
ability to produce methane, and tolerance of extreme environmental conditions
3 Basic Archaeons
methanogens, halobacteria and hyperthermophiles
Methanogen
an archaeon that produces methane in its metabolism; are chemosynthetic and use hydrogen for energy (lives in deep sea hydrothermal vents)
Halobacteria
an archaeon that require high concentrations of salt where they live
Halophiles
an organism grows and reproduces best in the presence of salt
Bacteriorhodopsins
(purple proteins): like, capturing the protein that produces ATP and halobacteria
Hyperthermophiles
A microbe that grows in reproduces best at temperatures exceeding 100°C; live in deep sea, hydrothermal, hot events
Chemosynthetic, uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce organic compounds
Fungi
<1% of known species are marine
Mycologist
scientist who studies fungi
Mycology
the study of fungi
Aspergillosis
a fungi disease caused by genus aspergillus
Yeast
one called fungus
Fungi
eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin
Filamentous fungus
long thread like massed called hypha which produce a tangled mass called mycelium: body of a fungus
Budding
asexual reproduction in which two individuals are produced by unequal division of the adult
Conidospore
Asexually produced disbursal stage in the lifecycle of a fungus
Fruiting body
Sexually reproductive structure of a fungus
Ascocarp
fruiting body of an Ascomycote fungus
Ascus
One component of an Ascocarp that produces 4 to 8 spores
Lichens
mutualistic associations between a fungus and an algae
Fungus: ascomycotes, Algae: green algae
Stramenopiles
A group of organisms that includes diatoms and have specialized flagella
Mastigonemes
hair like filaments that extend from the shaft of some flagella
Heterokont
cell bearing both kinds of flagella
2 Stramenopiles
ochrophytes & labryrinthomorphs
Orchrophytes
Photosynthetic Stramenopiles; store energy as a specialist starch
Laminarin: includes diatoms and silicoflagelllates
Secondary plastid endosymbiosis
The condition in which an ancestor became host to a red algal cell that became the hosts plastid
Diatoms
unicellular algae.
one of the most distinctive marine phytoplankton; >45% ocean primary production
Frustule
two part cell wall of a diatom
Valve
one part of the diatom frustule
Centric diatom
has radially symmetrical valves; pelagic
Pennants Diatom
has bilaterally symmetrical valves; benthic
Locomotion
pennate distoms secrete mucilage through their Raphe: slit along the valve, by which some Pennet diatoms move along surfaces
Silicon shell
lack of flagella sinking
Strange ties to country sinking
chains, spines, oil droplets
Silocoflagallates
planktonic, marine plankton that are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic
Labryrinthomorphs
heterotrophic stramenopiles that are decomposers and pathogens
Haptophytes
group of eukaryotic microbes that possess a Haptonema: rodlike organelle that projects between the two flagella of haptophytes and is used to capture prey (coccolithophores)
Coccolithophores
Photo synthetic haptophytes with the cell surface covered by calcareous scales called coccliths
Haptophytes
dominate pelagic, tropic waters consist of calcium carbonate, largest source of chalk on earth
Alveolates
Group of microbes with membranous sacs (alveoli) beneath the cell membrane; include dinoflagellates and cilliates
Pellicle
complex of alveoli and the cell membrane in alveolates
Dinoflagellates
an aveolate with cellulose in its aveoli and with two heterokont flagella for locomotion
90% are marine; planktonic and benthic, some symbiotic, Parisitic, zooxanthelle and bioluminescent
Dinosporin
decay resistant chemical cellulose of dinoflagellates
Cingulum
horizontal groove in the middle of a dinoflagellate; contains shorter flagellum
Sulcus
longitudinal groove on the surface of a dinoflagellate that extends from the cingulum; contains a longer flagellum
anthecate
has a few sun layers of cellulose and its aveoli; giving the appearance of having no protective cell covering
Thecate
has many layers of cellulose, and it’s Alveoli, giving at the appearance of having a protective sell covering
Phagotrophy
Mode of nutrition, by which one organism eats another, either by phagocytosis, or by taking into the mouth
