Section 10C

Question 1

School

Answer 1

group of fish swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner

Question 2

Shoaling

Answer 2

refers to the activity of any group of fish that stay together for social reasons

Question 3

Anadromous

Answer 3

fishes spend their adult lives in the sea but ascent to rivers for spawning (lampreys and salmon)

Question 4

Catadromous

Answer 4

fish loves its adult life in freshwater but returns to the sea to reproduce (freshwater eels and mullets)

Question 5

Leptophalus

Answer 5

flat transparent larva of tarpon, bonefish and various types of eel

Question 6

Elvers

Answer 6

young eels, especially those migrating into freshwater from the sea

Question 7

Redds

Answer 7

desperations dug in the gravel of streams by female salmon for the deposition of eggs during spawning

Question 8

Alevins

Answer 8

newly hatched salmon that still have a yolk sac

Question 9

Fry

Answer 9

after they lose the yolk and begin feeding

Question 10

Parrs

Answer 10

1-5 year old salmon that inhabit freshwater

Question 11

Smolts

Answer 11

salmon that develop from parrs, acquire silvery scales, and migrate to the sea

Question 12

Amniotic eggs

Answer 12

egg covered by a protective shell and containing a liquid filled sac in which the embryo develops

advanced allowed:
1. elimination of free swimming larvae
2. eggs to be laid in a dry place

Question 13

Amnion

Answer 13

liquid filled sac that contains the developing embryo of some vertebrae animals

Question 14

Yolk Sac

Answer 14

sac like structure in amniotic eggs that contains a supply of food

Question 15

Allantois

Answer 15

embryonic support membrane that functions in elimination of wastes

Question 16

Chorion

Answer 16

embryonic support membrane that functions in gas exchange

Question 17

Physiological Adaptations

Answer 17

Reptiles (lungs, 3 chambered heart, 2 aorta, 1 ventricle)

Question 18

Osmoregulation Adaptations

Answer 18

1. Efficient kidneys
2. Salt gland
3. Desiccant- resistant scales

Question 19

Order Crocolilia

Answer 19

saltwater crocodiles

Question 20

Order Chelonia

Answer 20

sea turtles

Question 21

Order Sqaumata

Answer 21

sea snakes

Question 22

Crocodile Families

Answer 22

Gavialide, alligatoride and ?

Question 23

Alligators

Answer 23

wife and short heads, u shaped snout, upper jaw wider than lower, teeth in lower fit into depressions in upper jaw
fresh water

Question 24

Crocodiles

Answer 24

narrow and longer head, v shaped snout, upper and lower jaws are same, better handle salt water

Question 25

Saltwater Crocodile

Answer 25

have cerebral cortex, 4 chambered heart, function equivalent of a diaphragm by incorporating muscle used for aquatic locomotion into respiration, salt gland located in mouth (salt is excreted though the tongue and sour out of the mouth)

Question 26

Sea Turtles

Answer 26

Return to land to:
1. Lay eggs
2. Rest
3. Bask
2 families - cheloniidae & dermochelyidae
Marine Adaptations:
1. Lost capacity of tail undulation
2. Developed shortened, rigid body form and corselet
3. Modified limbs

Question 27

2 layers of sea turtles

Answer 27

Outer layer:
Keratin- tough protein found in reptilian scales

Inner layer:
composed of bone, shell fused

Question 28

Carapace

Answer 28

dorsal surface of shell

Question 29

Platstron

Answer 29

ventral surface of shell

Question 30

Cheloniidae

Answer 30

Green sea turtle, black sea turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, kemps ridley, loggerhead, flatback

(go back to slides to see if they have additional info

Question 31

Arribadas nesting

Answer 31

females nest synchronously at the same time

Question 32

Dermochelyidae

Answer 32

Leatherback,

Question 33

Feeding

Answer 33

all turtles lack teeth and have a beak like structure to capture and secure prey.

Question 34

Reproduction

Answer 34

1. Nesting needs to occur during condition which are conductive to adult activity
2. Nesting must occur during conditions that are favor embryo development and survival
3. Hatchlings must emerge into conditions that are conductive to their survival

Question 35

Precopulatory behaviors

Answer 35

head bobbing, position in water column, head head bumps, nuzzling, biting, movement of flipper

Question 36

Nesting

Answer 36

Emerge from water, ascending the beach, excavating the body pit, diving the egg chamber, oviposition(egg laying), filling the egg chamber, filling the body pit,

Question 37

Hatching

Answer 37

6-13 weeks

Question 38

Hatchlings

Answer 38

Typically emerge at night, circumvent two major problems
1. lethal temp
2. predators

Question 39

Temperature of Sand

Answer 39

Less than 28 C is male
Greater than 30 C is female

Question 40

Danger

Question 41

Glands

Answer 41

Sea snakes- sublingual glands
Crocodiles ??

Question 42

Squamata

Answer 42

Sea snakes, snakes evolved from lizards

Question 43

Sea Snake Groups

Answer 43

1. Hydrophiids (true sea snakes) - 54 species
2. Laticaudids (sea kraits) - 5 species
3. Achrochordids (file snakes) - 3 species
4. Homalopsids (mangrove snakes) - 9 species
5. Natricids (salt marsh snakes) - 3 species

Question 44

Family Elapsidae

Answer 44

sun family hudrophiinae - true sea snakes

Question 45

Subfamily Laticaudinae

Answer 45

sea kraits

Question 46

Sea Snake breathing

Answer 46

one elongate cylindrical lung extends almost the entire body length for efficient gas exchange

Question 47

Snake Diving

Answer 47

Oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snakes skin into tiny blood stream

Question 48

Venom

Answer 48

Lecithinase- lysis of erythrocytes
Anticoagulase- ?

Question 49

Salt Removal

Answer 49

?

Question 50

Hemipenes

Answer 50

paired penises found in snakes and lizards