Section 2 Flashcards
Pressure
at sea level is 1 atm; for every 10m depth pressure increases by 1 atm, affects gases differently than water or other substances due to compressibility of gases.
liquids are relatively incompressible.
significantly affects breath holding animals.
Nutrients
organic and inorganic materials than an organism needs to metabolize, grow, and reproduce
Limiting Produce
limits the distribution of marine organisms
-too much nutrients can be a problem
Eutrophication
process whereby a body of water becomes enriched with nutrients
Oxygen
byproduct of photosynthesis via phytoplankton, seaweeds, and plants
-cooler, less salty= more 02
-warmer, saltier= less 02
- dissolves in water at the surface; around depends upon water temperature and salinity
Aerobic Organisms (aerobes)
organisms that require oxygen; plants, algae, animals, and the majority of marine microbes
Anaerobic Organisms
organisms that can survive in an environment that lacks oxygen; deep sea, sediments
Population
a group of the same species that occupies a specific area
- every population has a geographic boundary
Geographic Range
geographic area within which a population is found
Sampling Techniques
used to estimate population size
-estimate size by dividing into smaller plots, counting total in plots and multiplying
-estimate size by using mark-recapture methods
Population Desnity
The number of individuals per unit or volume
Dispersion
pattern of spacing among individuals within the range
Clumped
density packed into patches
Uniform
individuals are evenly spaced
Random
spacing, unpredictable pattern
Generation Size
average time between individuals birth, and the birth of its offspring
Survivorship
refers to how long, on average, an individual of given age could be expected to live
Survivorship Curves Type 1
Low early mortality, few offspring, good care(whales)
Survivorship Curves Type 2
High mortality, early, many offspring, little care (fishes, bivalves)
Survivorship Curves Type 3
constant mortality
Life History
Three phases; birth, reproduction, death
Clutch Size (fecundity)
Number of offspring produced each time, an organism reproduces
Produces Once
All energy until one event
Produces Repeatably
must divide energy among maintenance, growth, reproduction
age at first reproduction
Timing can impact output earlier and quality and size later
Biological fitness
survival of offspring to reproduce
Recruitment
addition of new members to a population through production and immigration
larval settlement
aquatic larvae, leave the water column and settle on the bottom
density dependent factor
Population regulating factors that have a greater effect as the population size increases (availability of resources)
Density independent factor
Population regulating factors that are not related to population size(climate and weather)
R strategist
An organism that reproduces early and produces large numbers of offspring
K strategist
An organism that seems to maximize its carrying capacity
herbivores
Animals that eat vegetation
carnivores
Eats other animals
Keystone species
Species that has a greater effect on community structure than it’s numbers might suggest
Community
A group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area
Niche
Role a species plays in a community
Fundamental niche
Broadest possible niche a population can occupy
realized niche
Portion of a fundamental niche that a population actually occupies
Connells barnacles
Fundamental versus realized niche
competition occurs when resources are limited; prevents, occupying same niche
interspecific competition
between species
competitive exclusion
local extinction of the less successful competitors in a competitive situation
resource partitioning
Process that allows organisms to share resources
light bottle
oxygen levels should increase or decrease less than dark bottle, (depending if photosynthesis> respiration)
dark bottle
Oxygen levels decrease, do the respiration, no photosynthesis
symbiosis
Situation in which two different organisms live together and close association
mutualism
Both partners benefit
commensalism
One partner benefits; the other does not, but is not harmed
parasitism
One partner benefits at the expense of the other
parasite
Member that benefits living off his partner
host
Member that supports the parasite and is harmed by relationship
Photosynthesis
process whereby the energy of sunlight is captured and stored in inorganic molecules
autotroph, (producer)
Organism that can produce its own food
primary productivity
Rate at which energy rich food molecules are being produced from inorganic materials
light dark bottle method
Experimental method for determining primary production
oxygen
Network for plankton
food web
Complex network of feeding relationships among producers and consumers
dissolved organic matter (DOM)
Lost in water column
heterotrophs(consumers)
Organism that relies on other organisms for food
first order(primary consumers)
Animals that feed on producers
Second order(secondary consumer)
Carnivores that feed on herbivores
third order(tertiary consumers)
Carnivores that feed on carnivores
omnivores
Organism that relies on other organisms for food
detritivores
Organisms that feed on detritus(animal waste, and decaying tissue)
decomposers
Animals that break down the tissue of dead organisms and recycle nutrients
food chain
Linear feeding, relationships that links producers to consumers
trophic levels
Position in a food web or a chain that indicates a organisms feeding relationship
ecological efficiency
Percentage of energy that is taken as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to the next higher level
10% rule
On average only 10% of energy available at one trophic is passed to the next
Energy pyramid
Represents the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next, shows that energy decreases with each level and number of organisms it supports
pyramid of biomass
Pyramid, representing amount of all living tissue at each trophic level
pyramid of numbers
Indicates relative number of all organisms at each trophic level
biogeochemical cycle
combination of all biological, physical and chemical processes that are involved and recycling nutrients in an ecosystem(water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
Intraspecific competition
a competition between individuals from the same species (cospecifics)
