Section 7 Final Flashcards
What are the three different meningeal layers?
(Outer layer) Dura, Arachnoid, and pia mater (innermost layer)
Where is the epidural space located?
lies outside the Dura that is filled with fat and other connective tissue
Where is the subdural space located?
lies outside of the arachnoid mater, contains interstitial fluid (lymph)
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
Outside of the pia
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
Cerebral spinal fluid
What’s the difference between white mater vs gray mater?
white matter = myelinated
gray matter= non-myelinated
Where is the Cervical Enlargement located?
located between C4 and T1 vertebrae
where is the Lumbar Enlargement located?
located between T9 and T12 vertebrae
Where is the Conus Medullaris located?
located between L1 and L2 vertebrae
Where does the cervical enlargement supply?
supplies nerves to the upper extremities
Where does the lumbar enlargement supply?
supplies nerves to the lower extremities
What’s the term for the end of the spinal cord?
Conus medullaris
What’s the Filum Terminale?
a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx
What anchors the spinal cord?
Filum Terminale
What does the Cauda Equina contain?
contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen
What’s the difference between white matter in the brain vs white matter in the spinal cord?
White matter in the brain is located deep while white matter in the spinal cord is superficial.
What neuron is the Posterior (Dorsal) Root made up of?
made up of sensory neurons
Where does the dorsal root enter into?
the Posterior Horns
What is the Anterior (Ventral) Root made up of?
made up of motor neurons
Where does the anterior (ventral) root exit?
exits from the Anterior Horns
True or false. The spinal nerves are combinations of dorsal and ventral roots?
True
What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?
contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons
What are the 3 different connective tissue of spinal nerves?
1.Endoneurium
2.Perineurium
3.Epineurium
What does the Endoneurium surround?
surrounds individual nerve fibers
What does the Perineurium surround?
surrounds bundles of nerve fibers
What is a Fascicle?
bundle of nerve fibers
What does the Epineurium surround?
surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve
What’s another term for ramus?
branch
What does the Dorsal Ramus innervate?
innervates deep muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk
What does the Ventral Ramus innervate?
Innervates limb muscles, and skin of the extremities and the remaining trunk
What does the Meningeal Branch innervate?
reenters the spinal cord to supply innervation to spinal cord structures
What do the Rami Communicantes innervate?
Autonomic Nervous System innervation
What nerve resides within the cervical plexus and what does it innervate?
the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm
Where does the Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1) innervate?
supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb
Where does the Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4) innervate?
supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb
Where does the Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4) innervate?
supplies innervation to the lower limb
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3)
Define reflex
a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus
What is a reflex arc?
the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
What are the different components to a reflex arc?
Sensory Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integrating Center, Motor Neuron, & Effector.
What is the purpose of a blood barrier?
a barrier that protects brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances
Which cells help reinforce the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
What is CSF?
a clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the Subarachnoid Space and the spaces around the Brain and spinal cord
What produces CSF?
produced by Ependymal Cells of the Choroid Plexus
True or false. Cerebral Spinal Fluid serves as a shock absorber
True
What are the components of the brain stem?
medulla Oblongata, Pons, midbrain, & reticular formation.
What is the function of the medulla Oblongata?
contains the Cardiovascular center which regulates the rate and force of the heart beat
What is the function of the pons?
Contains respiratory centers
What is the function of the midbrain?
relays information between the Pons and Diencephalon & contains reflex centers for the eye, ear, head & neck movements
What is the function of reticular formation?
contains the nuclei that form the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone
What are the components of the cerebellum?
Vermis, Cerebellar Cortex, & Cerebellar Medulla
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates complex motor activity that was initiated in the Cerebrum, balance and posture
What are the components to the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, & Epithalamus
What is the function of the thalamus?
contains relay centers for impulses directed toward the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain (except for smell) & filters information
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
produces hormones for the Posterior Pituitary Gland and regulates the entire Pituitary Gland
& controls Autonomic Nervous System functions, i.e. temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, gland activity
What is the function of the epithalamus?
the Pineal Gland is located in this region and it produces Melatonin that helps promote sleep
What is the largest region of the brain?
Cerebrum
What are gyri?
folds on the surface of the Cerebrum
What are sulci?
shallow grooves between Gyri
What connects the cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
What does the Median Longitudinal Fissure separate?
the Cerebral hemispheres
What does the transverse fissure separate?
separates Cerebrum from Cerebellum
What does the Post-central Gyrus contain?
the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
What receives sensory information from the body?
Primary Somatosensory Area
What does the primal visual area receive?
receives impulses associated with vision (i.e. from the Retina)
What does the pre-central gyrus contain?
contains the Primary Motor Cortex
What does the primary motor area control?
controls specific motor activity for skeletal muscles
What is the function of Cranial nerve 1 (CN I)?
sensory nerves that delivers olfactory sensations (smell)to the brain
What is the function of cranial nerve 5 (CN V) ?
transmit sensory information from the face
- provide motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
What is the function of cranial nerve 7 (CN VII)?
associated with sensory information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and glands
What is the function of cranial nerve 10 (CN X)?
associated with sensory information for taste in the throat, and a wide variety of visceral activity
- provides motor innervation to the throat, neck, and visceral activity
What is the function of cranial nerve 11 (CN XI)?
associated with proprioception (position sense) in the neck
- provides motor innervation to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles
What is the function of cranial nerve 12 (CN XII)?
associated with proprioception in the tongue
- provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue
