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Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Section 7 Final > Flashcards

Section 7 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three different meningeal layers?

A

(Outer layer) Dura, Arachnoid, and pia mater (innermost layer)

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2
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A

lies outside the Dura that is filled with fat and other connective tissue

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3
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A

lies outside of the arachnoid mater, contains interstitial fluid (lymph)

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4
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Outside of the pia

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5
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

What’s the difference between white mater vs gray mater?

A

white matter = myelinated
gray matter= non-myelinated

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7
Q

Where is the Cervical Enlargement located?

A

located between C4 and T1 vertebrae

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8
Q

where is the Lumbar Enlargement located?

A

located between T9 and T12 vertebrae

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9
Q

Where is the Conus Medullaris located?

A

located between L1 and L2 vertebrae

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10
Q

Where does the cervical enlargement supply?

A

supplies nerves to the upper extremities

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11
Q

Where does the lumbar enlargement supply?

A

supplies nerves to the lower extremities

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12
Q

What’s the term for the end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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13
Q

What’s the Filum Terminale?

A

a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx

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14
Q

What anchors the spinal cord?

A

Filum Terminale

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15
Q

What does the Cauda Equina contain?

A

contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen

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16
Q

What’s the difference between white matter in the brain vs white matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter in the brain is located deep while white matter in the spinal cord is superficial.

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17
Q

What neuron is the Posterior (Dorsal) Root made up of?

A

made up of sensory neurons

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18
Q

Where does the dorsal root enter into?

A

the Posterior Horns

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19
Q

What is the Anterior (Ventral) Root made up of?

A

made up of motor neurons

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20
Q

Where does the anterior (ventral) root exit?

A

exits from the Anterior Horns

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21
Q

True or false. The spinal nerves are combinations of dorsal and ventral roots?

A

True

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22
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

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23
Q

What are the 3 different connective tissue of spinal nerves?

A

1.Endoneurium
2.Perineurium
3.Epineurium

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24
Q

What does the Endoneurium surround?

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers

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25
Q

What does the Perineurium surround?

A

surrounds bundles of nerve fibers

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26
Q

What is a Fascicle?

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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27
Q

What does the Epineurium surround?

A

surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve

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28
Q

What’s another term for ramus?

A

branch

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29
Q

What does the Dorsal Ramus innervate?

A

innervates deep muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk

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30
Q

What does the Ventral Ramus innervate?

A

Innervates limb muscles, and skin of the extremities and the remaining trunk

31
Q

What does the Meningeal Branch innervate?

A

reenters the spinal cord to supply innervation to spinal cord structures

32
Q

What do the Rami Communicantes innervate?

A

Autonomic Nervous System innervation

33
Q

What nerve resides within the cervical plexus and what does it innervate?

A

the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm

34
Q

Where does the Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1) innervate?

A

supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb

35
Q

Where does the Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4) innervate?

A

supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb

36
Q

Where does the Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4) innervate?

A

supplies innervation to the lower limb

37
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3)

38
Q

Define reflex

A

a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus

39
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

40
Q

What are the different components to a reflex arc?

A

Sensory Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integrating Center, Motor Neuron, & Effector.

41
Q

What is the purpose of a blood barrier?

A

a barrier that protects brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances

42
Q

Which cells help reinforce the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

43
Q

What is CSF?

A

a clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the Subarachnoid Space and the spaces around the Brain and spinal cord

44
Q

What produces CSF?

A

produced by Ependymal Cells of the Choroid Plexus

45
Q

True or false. Cerebral Spinal Fluid serves as a shock absorber

A

True

46
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A

medulla Oblongata, Pons, midbrain, & reticular formation.

47
Q

What is the function of the medulla Oblongata?

A

contains the Cardiovascular center which regulates the rate and force of the heart beat

48
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Contains respiratory centers

49
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

relays information between the Pons and Diencephalon & contains reflex centers for the eye, ear, head & neck movements

50
Q

What is the function of reticular formation?

A

contains the nuclei that form the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone

51
Q

What are the components of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis, Cerebellar Cortex, & Cerebellar Medulla

52
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordinates complex motor activity that was initiated in the Cerebrum, balance and posture

53
Q

What are the components to the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, & Epithalamus

54
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

contains relay centers for impulses directed toward the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain (except for smell) & filters information

55
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

produces hormones for the Posterior Pituitary Gland and regulates the entire Pituitary Gland
& controls Autonomic Nervous System functions, i.e. temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, gland activity

56
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

the Pineal Gland is located in this region and it produces Melatonin that helps promote sleep

57
Q

What is the largest region of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

58
Q

What are gyri?

A

folds on the surface of the Cerebrum

59
Q

What are sulci?

A

shallow grooves between Gyri

60
Q

What connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

61
Q

What does the Median Longitudinal Fissure separate?

A

the Cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

separates Cerebrum from Cerebellum

63
Q

What does the Post-central Gyrus contain?

A

the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

64
Q

What receives sensory information from the body?

A

Primary Somatosensory Area

65
Q

What does the primal visual area receive?

A

receives impulses associated with vision (i.e. from the Retina)

66
Q

What does the pre-central gyrus contain?

A

contains the Primary Motor Cortex

67
Q

What does the primary motor area control?

A

controls specific motor activity for skeletal muscles

68
Q

What is the function of Cranial nerve 1 (CN I)?

A

sensory nerves that delivers olfactory sensations (smell)to the brain

69
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 5 (CN V) ?

A

transmit sensory information from the face
- provide motor innervation to the muscles of mastication

70
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 7 (CN VII)?

A

associated with sensory information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and glands

71
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 10 (CN X)?

A

associated with sensory information for taste in the throat, and a wide variety of visceral activity
- provides motor innervation to the throat, neck, and visceral activity

72
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 11 (CN XI)?

A

associated with proprioception (position sense) in the neck
- provides motor innervation to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles

73
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 12 (CN XII)?

A

associated with proprioception in the tongue
- provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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