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Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

‘Osteo’ means?

A

Bone

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2
Q

What is Diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a bone

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3
Q

What is Epiphysis?

A

The end(s) of a bone

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4
Q

Articular (Hyaline) cartilage covers what part of the bones?

A

covers the ends of moveable bones

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5
Q

What is the Medullary (Marrow) cavity?

A

space inside bone that contains marrow

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6
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone
tendons attach here

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7
Q

What is Endosteum?

A

the lining of the medullary cavity

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8
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

A

area that causes bone to elongate & becomes ossified (bone) in adults
area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bone

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9
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone mass, making them more susceptible to fracture. Associated with aging.

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10
Q

What is a Fracture?

A

Any disruption in the continuity of a bone.

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11
Q

What is a Osteogenic cell?

A

a stem cell that differentiates to become an Osteoblast

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12
Q

What is an Osteoblast?

A

cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bone

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13
Q

What is a Osteocyte?

A

mature osteoblast, bone cells, sense the various stressors on bone

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14
Q

What is a Osteoclast?

A

bone dissolving cells

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15
Q

What does bone marrow fill?

A

Spongy bone area

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Red & yellow bone marrow

17
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

hemopoietic tissue

18
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Adipose tissue
not hematopoietic

19
Q

What is Ossification/ Osteogenesis?

A

formation of bone

20
Q

What is remodeling?

A

The change of the size and shape of bones to accommodate the changing forces applied to the skeleton.

21
Q

What is Interstitial growth?

A

Adding matrix.
When this occurs in the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate, the bone grows in length.

22
Q

What is Appositional growth?

A

Deposition onto the surface of bone. Increases the diameter of a bone

23
Q

What is the normal range of Blood calcium?

A

9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL

24
Q

What is Intramembranous ossification?

A
  • produces flat bones, ex. skull, clavicle, scapula
    • bone develops from membranes
25
Q

What is Endochondral ossification?

A
  • hyaline cartilage matrix is laid down initially, then ossification occurs replacing this cartilage
    Chondral = cartilage
    produces most bones
    when bones start to form everything is mostly cartilage
26
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

low blood calcium, muscle is unable to relax, tetany

27
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

high blood calcium, nerves and muscles are slow torespond; weakness, sluggish reflexes, poss. cardiacarrest

28
Q

What is Calcitriol?

A
  • a form of vitamin D, is stimulated by absorption of UV light
  • this hormone raises blood calcium!!!*
29
Q

How does Calcitriol raise blood calcium?

A

this hormone raises blood calcium by:
a. Increasing absorption in the Small Intestine.
b. Stimulates calcium removal from bones (Osteoclast).
c. Causing the Kidney to retain calcium in the blood.

30
Q

What Hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

31
Q

How does Calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?

A

a. Inhibiting Osteoclast.
b. Stimulate Osteoblast (places calcium into bone).

32
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

this hormone raises the blood calcium level
released by parathyroid glands

33
Q

How does the parathyroid hormone raise blood calcium levels?

A

a.Stimulating Osteoclast.
b.Causing the Kidneys to retain calcium in the blood.
c.Stimulates the production of Calcitriol.
d.Decreases Osteoblast activity.

34
Q

What does an osteoclast do?

A

Removes calcium from bones

35
Q

What does an osteoblast do?

A

Places calcium in bones

36
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

loosely packed bone
usually found inside of the epiphysis

37
Q

What are Trabeculae?

A

thin plates of calcified tissue that provide a lattice appearance to spongy bone

38
Q

What is compact bone?

A

densely packed bone
usually located in the outer diaphysis

39
Q

What is the matrix?

A

mostly Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt, and some calcium carbonate
* The organic portion is mostly collagen*

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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