Section 1 Final Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationship among structures.
Define physiology
The science of the function structures.
i.e. - how the body parts work
What’s homeostasis?
Maintaining a relatively stable condition within the body (Internal environment)
What’s a Disease?
An illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Anything that interferes with homeostasis
What’s a symptom?
Changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer.
Ex: pain, head ache
What’s a sign?
Objective changes that an observer can measure.
EX: fever, Blood Pressure, pulse, rash
What’s a Diagnosis?
The art of distinguishing one disease from another.
Determining the nature of a disease
What’s the negative feedback system?
This system reverses the original change, that is the body’s response is to maintain physiological levels within the body.
EX: Maintain body temperature, blood pH and blood sugar levels.
What’s the positive feedback system?
This system reinforces (strengthens) the original change to the controlled condition
EX: Contraction of muscles during delivery.
What’s a Receptor?
A structure that monitors changes in the body then sends impulses to the control center.
** a component of the feedback systems**
What’s a Control Center?
Receives information from receptors, evaluates information (associated with homeostatic levels), and generates output (a response) as necessary.
** a component of the feedback systems**
What’s an effector?
A body structure that produces a response that is coordinated through the control center(s).
** a component of the feedback systems**
What’s the Mid-sagittal Plane?
A plane that divides the body into equal right and left portions
Whats the Parasagittal Plane?
Any plane that is parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.
What’s the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?
divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior portions
Whats the Transverse (Horizontal) Plane?
divides the body (or an organ)into superior and inferior portions
What’s the Oblique Plane?
passes through the body (or organ) at an angle
Superior is…
refers to a structure that is towards the head (top of the body)
Inferior is…
refers to a structure that is toward the lower part of the body (away from the head)
Anterior is…
towards the front of the body (or organ)
Posterior is…
towards the back of the body (or organ)
Medial is…
towards the midline (mid-sagittal plane)
Lateral is…
away from the midline
Ipsilateral is…
located on the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral is…
located on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal is…
nearer to the point of origin (or attachment)
Distal is…
farther away from the point of origin (or attachment)
Superficial is…
toward the surface
Deep is…
away from the surface
What does parietal describe or pertain to?
pertains to the outer wall of a body cavity
Visceral is…
pertains to organs
Prone is..
refers to the body lying face down. Also refers to the hand.
Supine is…
lying face up, also refers to the hand
What are enzymes?
biological catalysts
What is a Catalyst?
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
The pH scale is..
measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
(runs from zero to 14, 7 is neutral)
(below pH 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline)
What are Carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, glycogen
primary function is as an energy source
What is a Monosaccharide?
a simple sugar, a monomer
type of carbohydrate
What are Disaccharides?
two monosaccharides that are chemically bonded together
** a type of carbohydrate**
What are Polysaccharides?
many monosaccharides chemically bonded together
** a type of carbohydrate**
What are lipids?
essential to the structure and funtion of cell membranes; energy storage
non-polar (don’t dissolve in water)
** basically fat**
What are Triglycerides (TG)?
a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids
** a simple lipid **
What are Phospholipids?
a triglyceride where one of the fatty acids has been removed then replaced with a molecule that contains a phosphate group
** a type of complex lipid**
What are steroids?
type of lipid that’s made from cholesterol
what is protein used for?
used for structure and function
proteins are made from?
Amino acids
what are peptide bonds?
condensation (dehydration synthesis) between the carboxyl group and the amino group of adjacent amino acids
what are polypeptides?
long chains of amino acids bonded together
What’s simple diffusion?
The transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (a concentration gradient). A passive process (does not require energy).
What’s osmosis?
The transport of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. A passive process.
What’s Facilitated Diffusion?
Movement of certain molecules across the plasma membrane, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, using specific protein channels. A passive process.
What’s Active Transport?
Movement of molecule from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration(against the concentration gradient). Active processes require energy
What’s Primary Active Transport?
specific transport molecules (proteins) move specific substances across the cell membrane
What’s Secondary Active Transport?
the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients
What’s a symporter?
a transporter that moves two substances in the same direction
** component of secondary active transport**
what’s an antiporter?
a transporter that moves two substances in the opposite direction
** component of secondary active transport**
What are organelles?
specific structures that perform specific functions in a cell
List all the different kinds of organelles?
Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) , Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum , Golgi Complex, Lysosome, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus, & Nucleolus.
What does epithelial tissue cover?
Covers body surfaces, internal and external.
What’s the function of connective tissue?
Protection and support of body structures.
What’s the function of muscle tissue?
Provides the force necessary for movement.
What’s the function of nervous tissue?
Coordination of body activities.
