Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ALS?

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- disease that effect nerve cell bodies in the Anterior Horn and Brain (i.e. motor neurons)
- leads to progressive muscle degeneration
- person often retains most of their sensory stimulus
- often begins in mid-life
- a chronic, progressive disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Neuritis?

A

inflammation of one or more nerves
- causes pain along the pathway of the involved nerves
Ex: Sciatica = neuritis of the Sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Polio?

A

caused by the Poliovirus
- causes fever, severe headaches and muscle aches, weakness
- can cause paralysis
- virus can destroy motor neuron cell bodyies in the Anterior Horn
- the virus is often transmitted by fecal-oral contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Shingles?

A

an infection caused by the Herpes Zoster virus
- this virus also CAUSES Chicken Pox
- this virus remains dormant in the Dorsal Root Ganglion
- can cause skin eruptions along the infected nerve
- lesions are acutely painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Dermatomes?

A

the area of the skin that provides sensory input through one pair of spinal nerves or Cranial nerve 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Intercostal Nerves?

A

ventral rami
- innervate the intercostal spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Plexus?

A

ventral rami
a network of nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the branch? (Branch= ramus)

A

the spinal nerves divide into branches after leaving the Intervertebral Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Dorsal Ramus innervates what?

A

innervates deep muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the Ventral Ramus innervate?

A

innervates limb muscles, and skin of the extremities and the remaining trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Meningeal Branch innervate?

A

It reenters the spinal cord to supply innervation to spinal cord structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Rami Communicantes innervate?

A

Autonomic Nervous System innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an Endoneurium?

A

A connective tissue covering that surrounds individual nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Perineurium?

A

A connective tissue covering that surrounds bundles of nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Fascicle?

A

bundle of nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Epineurium?

A

a connective tissue covering that surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve
this layer is continuous with the Dura Mater of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Contralateral Reflex Arc?

A

nerve impulses enter the cord, cross over in the Gray Commissure, then exit on the opposite side of the cord
contra= opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Intersegmental Reflex Arc?

A

the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord then ascends or descends in the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Reciprocal Innervation?

A

this prevents conflict between opposing muscles
while the agonist contracts the antagonist is inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an Ipsilateral Reflex?

A

the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that the motor impulse will leave (a monosynaptic reflex)
Ex: a stretch reflex
Ipsi= same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an Effector?

A

the body part that responds to the nerve impulse
Ex: muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does a Motor Neuron do?

A

carries the nerve impulse away from the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a Polysynaptic Reflex?

A

assoc. with two or more synapses
- assoc. with Interneuron (a neuron located in the spinal cord) involvement

24
Q

What is a Monosynaptic Reflex?

A

simplest type of reflex
- the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor neuron

25
Q

What does a Sensory Neuron do?

A

carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord

26
Q

Where is the Integrating Center located?

A

located in the gray matter

27
Q

What is a Sensory Receptor?

A

a structure that responds to a specific stimulus
Ex: touch

28
Q

What is a Reflex Arc?

A

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
has many different components

29
Q

What is a Reflex?

A

a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus
* an unlearned response*

30
Q

What is a Spinal Nerve?

A

combination of Dorsal and Ventral Roots (a mixed nerve) that come together in the intervertebral foramen

31
Q

What are Anterior (Ventral) Roots?

A

made up of motor neurons
- exits from the Anterior Horns

32
Q

What are Posterior (Dorsal) Roots?

A

made up of sensory neurons
- enters into the Posterior Horns

33
Q

What is a Dorsal Root Ganglion?

A

contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons
Note: Ganglion = a group of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

34
Q

What is Sciatica?

A

inflammation of the Sciatic Nerve
- pain may follow the nerve all the way down the foot

35
Q

The Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4) supplies innervation where?

A

supplies innervation to the lower limb

36
Q

What is the Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3)?

A

it’s the largest nerve in the body which is made up of two separate nerves (Tibial and Common Fibular)

37
Q

The Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4) supplies what parts of the body?

A

supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb

38
Q

The Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1) supplies innervation where?

A

supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb

39
Q

The Cervical Plexus (C1 - C5) houses what nerve? What does that nerve innervate?

A

the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm
kill the phrenic nerve and you cannot breathe on your own

40
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen

41
Q

What is the Outer region?

A
  • is mostly white matter (myelinated fibers) providing nerve impulse transmission to and from the Brain
  • contains Posterior, Lateral and Anterior Columns (ALL WHITE MATTER)
  • Anterior Median Fissure (ANTERIOR= VENTRAL)
  • Posterior Median Sulcus (POSTERIOR= DORSAL)
42
Q

What is the Inner region?

A
  • contains gray matter (non-myelinated neurons)
  • provides integrative functions
  • contains the Anterior and Posterior Horns
  • Gray Commissure and Central Canal (filled with CSF)

Note: The outer portion of the Brain contains gray matter while the white matter is deep

43
Q

What are Filum Terminale?

A

a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx
anchors the spinal cord

44
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris?

A

the end of the spinal cord
-located between L1 and L2 vertebrae

45
Q

What is the Lumbar Enlargement?

A

supplies nerves to the lower extremities
located between T9 and T12 vertebrae

46
Q

What is the Cervical Enlargement?

A

supplies nerves to the upper extremities
-located between C4 and T1 vertebrae

47
Q

What are Denticulate ligaments?

A

thickened Pia Mater that project laterally to fuse with the Dura Mater, these act as a shock absorber

48
Q

What is the Subarachnoid Space?

A

lies outside of the Pia, contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

49
Q

What is Pia Mater?

A

Innermost layer that covers the surface of the Brain and Spinal Cord

50
Q

What is the Subdural Space?

A

lies outside of the arachnoid mater, contains interstitial fluid (lymph)
- in the middle layer (arachnoid mater)

51
Q

What is the Arachnoid Mater?

A

The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What is the Epidural Space?

A

lies outside the Dura that is filled with fat and other connective tissues

53
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A

outer most layer
- anchors the meninges with in the spinal canal

54
Q

What are the Meninges?

A

three connective tissue coverings that surround the Brain and Spinal Cord

55
Q

How many spinal cord nerves branch off the spinal cord?

A

31 pair of spinal nerves come off of the cord to exit through the intervertebral foramen (8 pair of cervical, 12 pair of thoracic, 5 pair of lumbar, 5 pair of sacral,1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves)

56
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

extends from Foramen Magnum to the level of the disk between L1/L2 vertebrae

57
Q

What’s the function of the spinal cord?

A

provides nervous pathways for nerve impulses between the Peripheral Nervous System and the Brain
& provides simple integrative functions (reflexes)

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions