Chapter 1 Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationship among structures.
Definition of Physiology
The science of the function structures.
i.e. - how the body parts work
What is Reductionism?
The process of breaking things down into their component parts to better understand them.
What is Dissection?
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
What is an Atom?
the smallest unit of matter
What are molecules?
combinations of two or more atoms
What are Biological Molecules?
large molecules that are essential to life
molecules that come together to form organelles which are the structures within cells that serve a specific function
What is a Cell?
the basic unit of life; are made up of many organelles
What is Cytology?
the study of cells
Define Tissue
a group of similar cells and the material surrounding these cells
What is Histology?
The study of tissues
What is an Organ?
structures composed of two or more different tissues, that serve a common function
What is Metabolism?
The sum of all chemical processes that occur within the body.
What is Catabolism?
The phase of metabolism when large complex chemical structures are broken down to smaller ones.
What is Anabolism?
Building up complex chemical structures from smaller ones.
Define Responsiveness
The ability to detect and respond to a stimulus
Define Movement
The ability to initiate motion (in and out of the cell/organism)
Define Growth
An increase in body size that results from cell growth and/or an increase in the number of cells.
What is Differentiation?
The process where cells become specialized from their non-specialized ancestors.
What is a Stem Cell?
Non-specialized ancestor cell that are undifferentiated.
What is Reproduction?
The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or production of new individual cells (and sometimes individuals).
What is Homeostasis?
Maintaining a relatively stable condition within the body (Internal environment).
What is a Disease?
An illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Anything that interferes with homeostasis.
What is a Symptom?
Changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer
Ex: pain & headaches
What is a sign?
Objective changes that an observer can measure.
Ex: fever, Blood Pressure, pulse, rash
Define Diagnosis
The art of distinguishing one disease from another.
Determining the nature of a disease.
What is Epidemiology?
The science concerned with diseases and their effect on human populations.
What is a Feedback System?
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition (i.e. homeostasis) is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, etc….
What is a Receptor?
A structure that monitors changes in the body then sends impulses to the control center.
A component of the feedback system
What is the Control Center?
Receives information from receptors, evaluates information (associated with homeostatic levels), and generates output (a response) as necessary.
Component of feedback system
What is an Effector?
A body structure that produces a response that is coordinated through the control center(s)
Components of the feedback system
What is the Negative Feedback System?
This system reverses the original change, that is the body’s response is to maintain physiological levels within the body.
ex. Maintain body temperature, blood pH and blood sugar levels.
What is a Positive Feedback System?
This system reinforces (strengthens) the original change to the controlled condition
ex. Contraction of muscles during delivery.
What is the Anatomical Position?
The person stands erect with their face and toes pointing forward. Feet are flat on the floor. The upper extremities are at their sides with palms facing forward.
What is the Mid-Sagittal Plane?
A plane that divides the body into equal right and left portions.
What is the Parasagittal Plane?
Any plane that is parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.
What is the Frontal Plane?
divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior portions
What is the Transverse Plane?
divides the body (or an organ)into superior and inferior portions
What is the Oblique Plane?
passes through the body (or organ) at an angle
Superior is..
a structure that is towards the head (top of the body)
Inferior is…
a structure that is toward the lower part of the body (away from the head)
Anterior is…
towards the front of the body (or organ)
Posterior is…
towards the back of the body (or organ)
Medial is…
towards the midline (mid-sagittal plane)
Lateral is..
away from the midline
Ipsilateral is…
located on the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral is…
located on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal is…
nearer to the point of origin (or attachment)
Distal is..
farther away from the point of origin (or attachment)
Superficial is…
toward the surface
Deep is…
Away from the surface
Parietal is…
pertains to the outer wall of a body cavity
Visceral is…
Pertains to organs
Prone is…
refers to the body lying face down. Also refers to the hand.
Supine is…
lying face up, also refers to the hand
The Dorsal Cavity Contains the…
Cranial & Spinal Cavity
The Cranial Cavity contains the…
Brain
The Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity contains the…
Spinal cord
The Thoracic (Chest) Cavity contains the…
Contains heart and lungs
Lies above the diaphragm
The Abdoninopelvic Cavity lies below the?
the diaphragm
The Abdominal Cavity Contains the…
organs of digestion
Superior portion
The Pelvic Cavity contains…
Urinary Bladder and Internal Reproductive Organs
Inferior portion
The Ventral Cavity Contains…
Abdoninopelvic Cavity & Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
