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Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationship among structures.

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2
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

The science of the function structures.
i.e. - how the body parts work

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3
Q

What is Reductionism?

A

The process of breaking things down into their component parts to better understand them.

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4
Q

What is Dissection?

A

The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

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5
Q

What is an Atom?

A

the smallest unit of matter

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6
Q

What are molecules?

A

combinations of two or more atoms

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7
Q

What are Biological Molecules?

A

large molecules that are essential to life

molecules that come together to form organelles which are the structures within cells that serve a specific function

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8
Q

What is a Cell?

A

the basic unit of life; are made up of many organelles

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9
Q

What is Cytology?

A

the study of cells

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10
Q

Define Tissue

A

a group of similar cells and the material surrounding these cells

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11
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues

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12
Q

What is an Organ?

A

structures composed of two or more different tissues, that serve a common function

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13
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur within the body.

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14
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The phase of metabolism when large complex chemical structures are broken down to smaller ones.

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15
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Building up complex chemical structures from smaller ones.

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16
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

The ability to detect and respond to a stimulus

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17
Q

Define Movement

A

The ability to initiate motion (in and out of the cell/organism)

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18
Q

Define Growth

A

An increase in body size that results from cell growth and/or an increase in the number of cells.

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19
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

The process where cells become specialized from their non-specialized ancestors.

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20
Q

What is a Stem Cell?

A

Non-specialized ancestor cell that are undifferentiated.

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21
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or production of new individual cells (and sometimes individuals).

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22
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a relatively stable condition within the body (Internal environment).

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23
Q

What is a Disease?

A

An illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Anything that interferes with homeostasis.

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24
Q

What is a Symptom?

A

Changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer
Ex: pain & headaches

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25
Q

What is a sign?

A

Objective changes that an observer can measure.
Ex: fever, Blood Pressure, pulse, rash

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26
Q

Define Diagnosis

A

The art of distinguishing one disease from another.
Determining the nature of a disease.

27
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

The science concerned with diseases and their effect on human populations.

28
Q

What is a Feedback System?

A

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition (i.e. homeostasis) is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, etc….

29
Q

What is a Receptor?

A

A structure that monitors changes in the body then sends impulses to the control center.
A component of the feedback system

30
Q

What is the Control Center?

A

Receives information from receptors, evaluates information (associated with homeostatic levels), and generates output (a response) as necessary.
Component of feedback system

31
Q

What is an Effector?

A

A body structure that produces a response that is coordinated through the control center(s)
Components of the feedback system

32
Q

What is the Negative Feedback System?

A

This system reverses the original change, that is the body’s response is to maintain physiological levels within the body.
ex. Maintain body temperature, blood pH and blood sugar levels.

33
Q

What is a Positive Feedback System?

A

This system reinforces (strengthens) the original change to the controlled condition
ex. Contraction of muscles during delivery.

34
Q

What is the Anatomical Position?

A

The person stands erect with their face and toes pointing forward. Feet are flat on the floor. The upper extremities are at their sides with palms facing forward.

35
Q

What is the Mid-Sagittal Plane?

A

A plane that divides the body into equal right and left portions.

36
Q

What is the Parasagittal Plane?

A

Any plane that is parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.

37
Q

What is the Frontal Plane?

A

divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior portions

38
Q

What is the Transverse Plane?

A

divides the body (or an organ)into superior and inferior portions

39
Q

What is the Oblique Plane?

A

passes through the body (or organ) at an angle

40
Q

Superior is..

A

a structure that is towards the head (top of the body)

41
Q

Inferior is…

A

a structure that is toward the lower part of the body (away from the head)

42
Q

Anterior is…

A

towards the front of the body (or organ)

43
Q

Posterior is…

A

towards the back of the body (or organ)

44
Q

Medial is…

A

towards the midline (mid-sagittal plane)

45
Q

Lateral is..

A

away from the midline

46
Q

Ipsilateral is…

A

located on the same side of the body as another structure

47
Q

Contralateral is…

A

located on the opposite side of the body from another structure

48
Q

Proximal is…

A

nearer to the point of origin (or attachment)

49
Q

Distal is..

A

farther away from the point of origin (or attachment)

50
Q

Superficial is…

A

toward the surface

51
Q

Deep is…

A

Away from the surface

52
Q

Parietal is…

A

pertains to the outer wall of a body cavity

53
Q

Visceral is…

A

Pertains to organs

54
Q

Prone is…

A

refers to the body lying face down. Also refers to the hand.

55
Q

Supine is…

A

lying face up, also refers to the hand

56
Q

The Dorsal Cavity Contains the…

A

Cranial & Spinal Cavity

57
Q

The Cranial Cavity contains the…

A

Brain

58
Q

The Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity contains the…

A

Spinal cord

59
Q

The Thoracic (Chest) Cavity contains the…

A

Contains heart and lungs
Lies above the diaphragm

60
Q

The Abdoninopelvic Cavity lies below the?

A

the diaphragm

61
Q

The Abdominal Cavity Contains the…

A

organs of digestion
Superior portion

62
Q

The Pelvic Cavity contains…

A

Urinary Bladder and Internal Reproductive Organs
Inferior portion

63
Q

The Ventral Cavity Contains…

A

Abdoninopelvic Cavity & Thoracic (Chest) Cavity

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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