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Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

results from impaired blood flow to a small area of the Brain (vs. CVA)
- can cause dizziness, weakness, numbness, paralysis etc…, which is usually temporary
- can be a warning sign for an impending CVA
- accumulated damage from TIAs can lead to dementia (loss of intellectual abilities)

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2
Q

What is a Cerebral Vascular Accident?

A

(CVA) = Stroke
- interference of the blood supply to a portion of the Brain
- usually an abrupt onset of neurological deficits; paralysis, muscle weakness, tingling
- often associated with cardiovascular disorders

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3
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve XII (CN XII) = Hypoglossal nerve?

A

provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue
- associated with proprioception in the tongue

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4
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve XI (CN XI) = Accessory nerve?

A

provides motor innervation to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles
- originates from the Brain Stem and upper Spinal Cord
- associated with proprioception (position sense) in the neck

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5
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve X (CN X) = Vagus nerve?

A

provides motor innervation to the throat, neck, and visceral activity
- extends throughout the head, neck, thorax and abdomen
- associated with sensory information for taste in the throat, and a wide variety of visceral activity

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6
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve VII (CN VII) = Facial nerve?

A

provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and glands
- associated with sensory information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

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7
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve V (CN V) = Trigeminal nerve?

A

provide motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
- made up of three branches: Ophthalmic, Maxillary and Mandibular nerves
- transmit sensory information from the face

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8
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve I (CN I) = Olfactory nerve?

A

sensory nerves that delivers olfactory sensations (smell) to the brain
- these are located in the upper nasal cavities and pass through the Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid bone, these nerves synapse in the Olfactory Bulbs which lie on the Cribriform Plate
- the Olfactory Tracts carry the nerve impulses to the Brain

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9
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

12 pair of nerves that come off of the Brain to exit the skull

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10
Q

What are the Association Areas in the brain?

A

deal with complex integrative functions
EX: memory, emotions, reasoning, etc….

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11
Q

What is the Broca’s Speech Area in the brain?

A

associated with speech and understanding language
- located in the Frontal lobe along the lateral CerebralSulcus

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12
Q

What is the function of the Primary Motor Area (Cortex) in the brain?

A

controls specific motor activity for skeletal muscles
- associated with the Pre-central Gyrus

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13
Q

What do motor areas of the brain do?

A

initiate movements

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14
Q

What is the Primary Auditory Area (Cortex)?

A
  • associated with the Temporal lobe, near the lateral Cerebral Sulcus
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15
Q

What is the function of the Primary Visual Area (Cortex) in the brain?

A

receives impulses associated with vision (i.e. from the Retina)
- associated with the posterior portion of the Occipital lobe

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16
Q

What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Area (Cortex) in the brain?

A

receives sensory information from the body
- associated with the Post-central Gyrus

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17
Q

What are Sensory Areas?

A

receive and interpret sensory impulses

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18
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

surrounds the upper part of the Brain Stem and the Corpus Callosum
- the “emotional brain” (an older term is the animal brain)
- involved with emotional integration, olfaction and memory

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19
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia (Nuclei)?

A

nuclei (gray matter) deep within the Cerebral hemispheres
- helps regulate initiation and termination of movements, control subconscious skeletal muscle contractions, and helps coordinate nervous activity in general
- degeneration of neurons in this region is associated with Parkinson’s Disease

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20
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

white matter that contains the axons that connect the Cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A

the largest region of the brain
most of the inner portion of the Cerebrum is white matter

** has two hemispheres with 4 lobes each, each lobe is named after the cranial bone that covers it**
Ex: Temporal, Parietal, Occipital and Frontal lobes

22
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

the outer rim of gray matter

23
Q

What are Gyri (sing. Gyrus)?

A

folds on the surface of the Cerebrum

24
Q

What are Sulci (sing. Sulcus)?

A

shallow grooves between Gyri

25
Q

What is the Central Sulcus?

A

separates Frontal and Parietal lobes

26
Q

What cortex does the Pre-central Gyrus contain?

A

the Primary Motor Cortex

27
Q

What does the Post-central Gyrus contain?

A

the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

28
Q

What is a Fissure?

A

deep grooves that separate portions of the brain
Ex: Median Longitudinal Fissure - separates the Cerebral hemispheres
Ex: Transverse Fissure - separates Cerebrum from Cerebellum

29
Q

Where is the Epithalamus located?

A

lies superior and posterior to the Thalamus
** the Pineal Gland is located in this region and it produces Melatonin that helps promote sleep**

30
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

A

produces hormones for the Posterior Pituitary Gland and regulates the entire Pituitary Gland
- controls Autonomic Nervous System functions, i.e. temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, gland activity

31
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

lies inferior to the Thalamus
- the Pituitary gland “hangs” from the inferior surface and is attached by the Infundibulum

32
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

contains relay centers for impulses directed toward the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain (except for smell)
- filters information
- makes up most of the Diencephalon

33
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located?

A

Superior to mid brain
- surrounded by the Cerebrum

34
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

located in the posterior, inferior aspect of the cranial cavity
- the Transverse Fissure separates the Cerebellum from the Cerebrum
- has 2 hemispheres that have 3 lobes each
** the cerebellum can’t coordinate activities but coordinates complex motor activity that was initiated in the Cerebrum, balance and posture**

35
Q

What is the Vermis?

A

central region in the cerebellum that connects the hemispheres

36
Q

What is the Cerebellar Cortex?

A

outer portion/ gray matter of the cerebellum

37
Q

What is the Cerebellar Medulla?

A

inner portion/ gray matter of cerebellum

38
Q

Where is the location of the Reticular Formation?

A

extends from the upper spinal cord into the Diencephalon
- contains the nuclei that form the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone

39
Q

What is the function of the Midbrain?

A

relays information between the Pons and Diencephalon
- contains reflex centers for the eye, ear, head & neck movements
Cranial Nerves 3 and 4 come off of this region

40
Q

Where is the Pons located?

A

superior to the Medulla Oblongata & anterior to the Cerebellum
- contains Respiratory centers
Cranial Nerves 5 through 8 come off of this region

41
Q

Where is the Medulla Oblongata located?

A

lies superior to the spinal cord
- the inferior portion of the brain stem

42
Q

What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

contains sensory and motor tracts and areas for crossing over of these tracts (Decussation of Pyramids)
- contains the Cardiovascular center which regulates the rate and force of the heart beat
- contains Respiratory centers
Cranial Nerves 8 through 12 come off of this region

43
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

a clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the Subarachnoid Space and the spaces around the Brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Where is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Produced?

A

produced by Ependymal Cells of the Choroid Plexus which is located in the Ventricles of the Brain

45
Q

What is the function of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

serves as a shock absorber for Brain and spinal cord
- provides the proper chemical environment for nerve impulse transmission

46
Q

Explain the difference between the meninges in the brain vs the one in the spinal cord.

A

the Brain is surrounded by the same three layers as the spinal cord but an extra layer of Dura Mater is located around the Brain.

47
Q

The Falx Cerebri separates what?

A

separates the Cerebral Hemispheres
(extra layer of dura mater)

48
Q

The Falx Cerebelli separates what?

A

separates the Cerebellar Hemispheres
(Extra layer of dura mater)

49
Q

The Tentorium Cerebelli separates what?

A

separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum
(Extra layer of dura mater)

50
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

a barrier that protects brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances

51
Q

What major vessels supply the brain?

A

the major vessels that supply the Brain are the:
Rt & Lt Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
- these vessels supply blood to the Circle of Willis which lies around the base of the Brain
- blood is returned to circulation by the Rt & Lt Internal Jugular Veins

52
Q

How much O2 does the brain use?

A

the Brain uses approx. 20% of the oxygen used by the body
loss of oxygen supply for more than 4 minutes can cause permanent neuronal damage
The brain uses ALOT OF O2!!

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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