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Small Parts/specialized > Scrotum/prostate/penis > Flashcards

Scrotum/prostate/penis Flashcards

1
Q

Testis measure

A

3-5cm x 2-4cm x 3cm

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2
Q

Tubules converge at the apex of each lobule and anastomose to form the _____ in the mediastinum

A

Rete testis

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3
Q

Each testis divides into >250-400 conical lobules containing the ____

A

Seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Testis appear sonographically

A

Smooth, medium gray, fine echo texture

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5
Q

Rete testis drains into the ____

A

Head of the epididymis

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6
Q

Rete testis drains into the head of the epididymis through ___

A

Efferent ductules

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7
Q

Epididymis begins _____ and courses _____ to testis

A

Superior

Posterolateral

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8
Q

Largest part of epididymis

A

Head

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9
Q

Normal epididymis appears

A

ISO/hypoechoic compared w testis, coarser texture

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10
Q

Dense fibrous tissue that covers the testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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11
Q

Mediastinum often seen as ______ line coursing craniocaudad within testis

A

Bright hyperechoic

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12
Q

Lines inner walls of scrotum and covers testis & epididymis

A

Tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

Inner layer of scrotal wall

A

Parietal layer

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14
Q

Layer surrounding testis and epididymis

A

Visceral

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15
Q

Form in space between layers of tunica vaginalis

A

Hydroceles

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16
Q

Spermatic cord contains:

A

Vas deferens

Testicular arteries

Venous pampiniform plexus

Lymphatic

Autonomic nerves

Fiber of cremaster

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17
Q

Testicular arterial branching:

A
  1. Testicular
  2. Capsular
  3. Centripetal
  4. Recurrent rami
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18
Q

Venous drainage of scrotum occurs through

A

Pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

Pampiniform plexus converges into 3 sets of anastamotic veins:

A
  1. Testicular
  2. Deferential
  3. Cremasteric
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20
Q

Right testicular vein drains into

A

IVC

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21
Q

Left testicular vein drains into

A

Left renal vein

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22
Q

Perform ______ when varicocele is suspected

A

Valsalva maneuver

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23
Q

90% of testes can be saved if surgery is performed within _____ hours following injury

A

72 hours

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24
Q

Only ___ can be saved after 72 hours post injury

A

45%

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25
Q

Acute hematocele appears

A

Echogenic

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26
Q

Old hematoceles appear

A

Low level echoes, fluid filled, septations

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27
Q

Hematomas appear

A

Heterogeneous, may be complex and cystic over time

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28
Q

Vascularity associated with epididymitis

A

Increased vascularity

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29
Q

Most common cause of scrotal pain in adults

A

Epididymo-orchitis

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30
Q

Epididymo-orchitis most commonly results from

A

Lower uti spread via spermatic cord

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31
Q

Sonographic appearance of epididymitis

A

Enlarged, hypoechoic gland

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32
Q

With epididymis-orchitis, color Doppler will show

A

Significant increased flow

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33
Q

Hydroceles are found around ____ aspect of testis

A

Anterolateral

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34
Q

Pus fills space between layers of tunica vaginalis

A

Pyocele

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35
Q

Deformity associated with torsion

A

Bell-clapper

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36
Q

Occurs when tunica vaginalis completely covers testis, epididymis, distal spermatic cord, allowing them to rotate/move

A

Bell-clapper deformity

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37
Q

Undescended testes are _____ times more likely to be affected by torsion

A

10 times

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38
Q

Up to ___ % of torsion patients have an atomic anomaly on both sides

A

60%

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39
Q

80-100% of testes can be saved if surgery is performed within ____ after onset of pain(torsion)

A

5-6 hours

40
Q

Surgery for torsion between 6-12 hours after onset of pain salvage rate:

A

70%

41
Q

Salvage rate after 12 hours of onset of pain involving torsion

A

20%

42
Q

Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adolescents

A

Torsion

43
Q

Extratesticilar cysts include:

A

Spermatoceles, epididymis cysts, tunica albuginea cyst

44
Q

Spermatoceles are always located in the

A

Epididymal head

45
Q

Abnormal dilation of veins of pampiniform plexus

A

Varicoceles

46
Q

Varicoceles are more common on ____

A

left side

47
Q

Varicoceles are also associated with

A

Infertility

48
Q

Varicoceles measure:

A

> 2mm in diameter

49
Q

During the valsava maneuver the veins:

A

Increase in diameter

50
Q

Most commonly herniated structure

A

Bowel and then omentum

51
Q

_______ seen with real-time imaging, this confirms scrotal hernia

A

Peristalsis of bowel

52
Q

Most common cause of painless scrotal swelling

A

Hydroceles

53
Q

Sperm granulomas are most frequently seen in patients with

A

Vasectomy

54
Q

Rete testis is located at the

A

Hilum of testis where the mediastinum resides

55
Q

Tubular Ectasia of the Rete Testis appears :

A

Prominent hypoechoic channels near the echogenic mediastinum testis, avascular

56
Q

Tubular ectasia of the rete testis usually occurs in

A

Men over 55

57
Q

Cysts are more common in

A

Men >40

58
Q

Microcalcifications in microlithiasis are how big?

A

<3mm

59
Q

Microlithiasis is bilateral or unilateral?

A

Bilateral

60
Q

Associated with cryptorchidism, klinefelters syndrome, infertility, varicoceles, testicular atrophy, male pseudohermaphroditism

A

Microlithiasis

61
Q

Most common malignancy in men 15-35

A

Germ cell tumor

62
Q

Undescended testis are ____ more likely to develop cancer

A

2.5-8 times

63
Q

Intratesticular masses are more/less likely to be malignant?

A

More

64
Q

Associated with elevated HCG, AFP, LDH

A

Germ cell tumors

65
Q

Most common germ cell tumor

A

Seminoma

66
Q

When a seminoma is suspected, sonographer should

A

Inspect around aortas lymph nodes

67
Q

Germ cell tumors appear

A

Focal, hypoechoic

68
Q

Seminomas appearance

A

Homogeneous, hyooechoic, smooth border

69
Q

Most common bilateral secondary testicular neoplasm affecting men >60

A

Malignant Lymphoma

70
Q

2nd most common secondary testicular neoplasm, most often found in children

A

Leukemia

71
Q

Undescended testicle

A

Crytorchidsm

72
Q

Involving cryptorchism, testis are usually found in ____

A

Inguinal canal

73
Q

Most common site for ectopic testicle

A

Superficial inguinal pouch

74
Q

Anorchia is more common on the ___ side

A

Left

75
Q

Polyorchidism is more common on the ____ side

A

Left

76
Q

3 columns of tissue in penis

A

2 corpora cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

77
Q

Ventral/anterior side of penis:

A

Closest to scrotum

78
Q

Dorsal/posterior side of penis

A

Side touching belly

79
Q

Painful erection lasting >4 hours

A

Priapism

80
Q

Fibrotic thickening/scarring of the tunica albuginea resulting in bent penis—hyperechoic linear, calcified, shadowing

A

Peyronie’s disease

81
Q

Prostate base:

A

Superior portion

82
Q

Prostate apex:

A

Inferior portion

83
Q

Zone containing 70% of prostrate tissue

A

Peripheral

84
Q

Zone location of most prostate cancer

A

Peripheral zone

85
Q

Peripheral zone is located ___

A

Posteriorly

86
Q

2nd largest zone

A

Central

87
Q

Central zone is located

A

Superiorly at the base or prostate

88
Q

Ejaculatory ducts pass through what zone

A

Central

89
Q

2nd most common zone for malignancy

A

Transitional

90
Q

Site of origin of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Transitional

91
Q

Smallest zone

A

Periurethral

92
Q

Classic appearance of prostate cancer

A

Hypoechoic, hypervascular, peripherally-oriented

93
Q

Clinical signs of prostate cancer

A

Elevated PSA
Enlarged prostate
Blood in urine

94
Q

Enlargement of transitional zone:

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

95
Q

Clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

Difficult initiation of voiding
Urinary frequency
Small stream

Small Parts/specialized (15 decks)

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