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Small Parts/specialized > Neonatal/pediatric Adrenal & Urinary System > Flashcards

Neonatal/pediatric Adrenal & Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Infant and young child renal views are obtained from a ____ position

A

Prone

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2
Q

Children and adolescents renal views are obtained in the __

A

Decubitus position

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3
Q

Dilation of renal pelvis

A

Pelvietasis

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4
Q

Medullary pyramids and large and ______

A

Hypoechoic

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5
Q

______ kidney is somewhat longer

A

Left

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6
Q

A kidney measurement of ____ should be monitored closely and may indicate infection, scarring, abnormalities

A

Greater than 1cm side-to-side

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7
Q

Normal neonatal adrenal glands are _______ than in the older infant/child

A

Larger

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8
Q

Left adrenal glad extends slightly more ____ that the right one

A

Medial

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9
Q

Adrenal gland sonographically

A

Inverted V or Y shape in the longitudinal plane

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10
Q

Central medulla in neonate is

A

Thin, echogenic stripe—-linear

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11
Q

Normal bladder should measure _____ in AP

A

<3mm

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12
Q

When bladder is empty, the bladder wall should measure ____

A

<5mm

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13
Q

Most common urinary tract anomaly in children

A

Congenital hydroneohrosis

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14
Q

Sonographic features of congenital hydronephrosis

A

Dilated calyces budding of large central cyst(renal pelvis)

Visualization of dilated ureter

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15
Q

Abnormal reflux infection of urine from the bladder and into the kidney

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux(VUR)

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16
Q

How many grades of VUR

A

5

1 being the least severe(ureters only)

5 being the worst(severe dilation of ureters and kidney w loss of papillary impressions)

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17
Q

Most common type of obstruction causing hydronephrosis of upper urinary tract in peds

A

Ureteralpelvic Junction obstruction (UPJ)

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18
Q

Most often results from intrinsic narrowing or extrinsic vascular compression at level of uteropelvic junction

A

UPJ

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19
Q

Ectopic ureterocele and duplex kidney more commonly occurs in ___

A

Female and left side

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20
Q

Seen as a fluid mass within the bladder

A

Ectopic ureterocele

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21
Q

Most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male neonate

A

Posterior urethral valves

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22
Q

Sonographic features of bladder outlet obstruction

A

Bladder wall is thickened

23
Q

Prune-belly syndrome includes triad of :

A

Hypoplasia or deficiency of the abdominal musculature

Cryptorchidism

Urinary tract anomalies

24
Q

Anomaly that includes Congenital absence or deficiency of the abdominal musculature, large hypotonic dilated tortuous ureters, large bladder, patent urachus, bilateral cryptorchidism, dilated prostatic urethra

A

Prune-belly syndrome

25
Q

____% of prune-belly syndrome is associated with VUR

A

85%

26
Q

Long tubular structure which connects the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Urachus

27
Q

Urachus normally closes during the ___

A

4th and 5th month of gestation

28
Q

Urachus sometimes remains patent——either at the ____ or the ____

A

Bladder or umbilical end

29
Q

Most common cause of renal cystic disease in neonates

A

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease(MCDK)

30
Q

Most common cause of abdominal mass in newborn/neonate

A

MCDK

31
Q

Sonographic features MCDK

A

Cluster of grapes—largest cysts in the peripheral

No identifiable renal pelvis

If bilateral, usually fatal

32
Q

Sonographic findings in ARPKD

A

Bilateral renal enlargement

diffuse increased echogenicity

Loss of definition of renal sinus, medulla, and cortex

Hypoechoic outer rim

33
Q

Less severe cases of ARPKD sonographic findings

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

Portal hypertension

Renal parenchyma normal to echogenic

34
Q

ADPKD have an increased incidence of

A

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

35
Q

Sonographic findings of ADPKD

A

Bilateral, well defined cysts

Macroscopic cysts of varying size that can form in liver, spleen, pancreas

36
Q

May be associated with tuberous sclerosis and Von Hippel-Lindau disease:

A

Renal cysts

37
Q

Pts with tuberous sclerosis have a ___% incidence of having _____ which may resemble polycistic renal disease

A

40%

Renal cysts

38
Q

Both tuberous sclerosis and von hippel lindau disease are associated with an increased incidence of

A

RCC

39
Q

UTI— infection usually begins in ___

A

Bladder and ascends through ureter into the renal pelvis

40
Q

Acute pylonepritis clinical symptoms

A

Sudden fever, flank pain, tenderness

41
Q

Acute pylonephritis sonographic findings

A

Enlarged renal size

Altered echogenicity secondary to edema

42
Q

Repeated episodes of acute pylonephritis causing kidney to become scarred and decrease in size

A

Chronic pylonephritis

43
Q

Calcification of renal parenchyma, identified in the medulla and rarely in the cortex

A

Nephrocalcinosis

44
Q

Most common neonatal adrenal mass

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

45
Q

Predispose neonate to adrenal hemorrhage:

A

Difficult delivery, large size, diabetic mother, stress, hypoxia, septicemia, shock

46
Q

Adrenal Hemorrhage is usually found secondary to other complications like:

A

Uncontrolled bleeding

Jaundice

Intestinal obstruction

Hypertension

Adrenal abscess

Impaired renal function

47
Q

Most common intraadbominal malignant renal tumor in young children

A

Wilms tumor/ nephroblastoma

48
Q

Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma incidence peaks between ____

A

2-5 years old

49
Q

Nephroblastoma/Wilms tumor sonographic:

A

Unilateral

Adjacent renal tissue becomes compressed

Echogenic areas w calcification

Hydronephrosis may result

Well defined borders

50
Q

Most common renal tumor of neonate

A

Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma

51
Q

Most common malignancy in children under 1

A

Neuroblastoma

52
Q

Malignant tumor arises in the adrenal medulla

A

Neuroblastoma

53
Q

Sonographic features of neuroblastoma

A

Highly echogenic

Increased vascularity

Adjacent kidney displaces inferiorily and sometimes laterally

Small Parts/specialized (15 decks)

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