Scientific Revolution KT (all) Flashcards
“Arguments about women”
Querelles des femmes
A key rejection of Aristotelian cosmology was Kepler’s contention that planetary orbits were _____ and not circular
Elliptical
His work on the properties of gases was a classic example of induction
Boyle
This 2nd century Greek medical authority taught the doctrine of the four humors
Galen
English physician and author of “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood” who proposed the pulmonary circulation of the blood
Harvey
Perhaps the most recognized figure of the Scientific Revolution and author of the “Principia”, which among other things, details his universal law of gravitation
Newton
“If I have seen farther than others, it was because I was standing on the shoulders of _____”
“Giants” -Newton
The Holy Office, or _____ _____ condemned Galileo of heresy in 1633
Roman Inquisition
The cosmological views of the late Middle Ages had been built upon a synthesis of Aristotle, the Bible, and this 2nd century astronomer
Ptolemy
“_____ is power”
“Knowledge” -Francis Bacon
Dutch inventor and scientist and “father of microbiology” whose 400+ microscopes opened up the microscopic world to human observation
Leeuwenhoek
17th century examples included the English Royal Society and the French Royal Academy of Sciences
Scientific societies
Well-known Dutch female entomologist and illustrator and author of “Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam”
Merian
The perfect motion of perfect heavenly bodies composed of the “fifth element”
Circular
Polish astronomer and priest whose “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” was an early defense of heliocentrism
Copernicus
“And yet it still _____”
“Moves” -Galileo
The traditional four elements of the earth were composed of _____, _____, _____, and _____
Earth, air, fire, and water
The chief means of disseminating the new scientific knowledge to other scientists and the lay educated public
Scientific journals
Taught that the world was a living embodiment of divinity and that through the use of the language of nature (mathematics) individuals could unlock the mysteries of the natural world and thus have control and power over it
Hermeticism
One of the religious implications of the Scientific Revolution was this notion that there was a Creator god who had established the universe as a mechanism that followed natural laws but no longer actively intervenes in the creation
Deism
This female aristocrat and important participant over the proper method for science was especially critical of the growing belief that through science, humans would be masters of nature
Cavendish
The island “castle” given to Tycho Brahe that was outfitted with a library, astronomical instruments, and observatories, which helped him compile the most extensive observational data of his time
Uraniborg
These women, who lost out in part to men during the Scientific Revolution, had traditionally helped out in the birthing process
Midwives
The crystalline, transparent, and perfect substance of which heavenly bodies were thought to be composed
Quintessence
The scientific method was valuable in answering the question as to how something works, and its success in doing this gave others much confidence in the method. It did not attempt to deal with the question of _____ something happens or the purpose and meaning behind the world of nature. This allowed religion to retain its central importance in the 17th century
Why
This Swiss “monarcha medicorum” argued that disease was not an imbalance of the four humors but instead a chemical imbalance that could be treated with chemical remedies; nicknamed the “homicide physician” by detractors due to his principle of “like cures like”
Paracelsus
With the aid of this “spyglass,” Galileo argued that planets were composed of material substance similar to that of earth rather than ethereal or perfect and unchanging substance
Telescope
This father of modern philosophy and author on the “Discourse on Method” advocated rationalism
Descartes
“The intention of the Holy Scripture is to teach us not how the heavens go, but how to go to _____”
“Heaven” -Galileo
A mathematical means of calculating rates of change; developed independently by Newton and Leibniz
Calculus
Method that begins with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions can be deduced; method that proceeds from the general to the particular
Deduction
Besides Rudolf II, the key patron of Tycho Brahe
King Frederick II
Method that begins with carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations and from which seeks to develop justified generalizations; method that proceeds from the particular to the general
Induction
Swedish botanist who developed a binomial nomenclature system for plants and animals
Linnaeus
The metaphysical position that there is one substance, be it material (physical) or spiritual (mental)
Monism
The metaphysical view that all that is is God, a view espoused by Spinoza
Pantheism
The belief widely held prior to the Scientific Revolution in which the universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center
Geocentrism
“I think, _____ I am”
“Therefore” -Descartes
Short-hand name for Galileo’s most well-known and influential work, which was written in Italian and not Latin and perceived as a defense of Copernicanism
Dialogue
Like the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution was this kind of historical movement
Elite
_____ and _____ defended heliocentrism in antiquity; Copernicus had read about these classical thinkers in a newly published edition of the classical writer Plutarch, which demonstrates that the origins of the Scientific Revolution in part can be explained by Renaissance humanism and the humanist goal of ad fontes
Philolaus and Aristarchus
