Scientific Revolution KT (all)

Question 1

“Arguments about women”

Answer 1

Querelles des femmes

Question 2

A key rejection of Aristotelian cosmology was Kepler’s contention that planetary orbits were _____ and not circular

Answer 2

Elliptical

Question 3

His work on the properties of gases was a classic example of induction

Answer 3

Boyle

Question 4

This 2nd century Greek medical authority taught the doctrine of the four humors

Answer 4

Galen

Question 5

English physician and author of “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood” who proposed the pulmonary circulation of the blood

Answer 5

Harvey

Question 6

Perhaps the most recognized figure of the Scientific Revolution and author of the “Principia”, which among other things, details his universal law of gravitation

Answer 6

Newton

Question 7

“If I have seen farther than others, it was because I was standing on the shoulders of _____”

Answer 7

“Giants” -Newton

Question 8

The Holy Office, or _____ _____ condemned Galileo of heresy in 1633

Answer 8

Roman Inquisition

Question 9

The cosmological views of the late Middle Ages had been built upon a synthesis of Aristotle, the Bible, and this 2nd century astronomer

Answer 9

Ptolemy

Question 10

“_____ is power”

Answer 10

“Knowledge” -Francis Bacon

Question 11

Dutch inventor and scientist and “father of microbiology” whose 400+ microscopes opened up the microscopic world to human observation

Answer 11

Leeuwenhoek

Question 12

17th century examples included the English Royal Society and the French Royal Academy of Sciences

Answer 12

Scientific societies

Question 13

Well-known Dutch female entomologist and illustrator and author of “Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam”

Answer 13

Merian

Question 14

The perfect motion of perfect heavenly bodies composed of the “fifth element”

Answer 14

Circular

Question 15

Polish astronomer and priest whose “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” was an early defense of heliocentrism

Answer 15

Copernicus

Question 16

“And yet it still _____”

Answer 16

“Moves” -Galileo

Question 17

The traditional four elements of the earth were composed of _____, _____, _____, and _____

Answer 17

Earth, air, fire, and water

Question 18

The chief means of disseminating the new scientific knowledge to other scientists and the lay educated public

Answer 18

Scientific journals

Question 19

Taught that the world was a living embodiment of divinity and that through the use of the language of nature (mathematics) individuals could unlock the mysteries of the natural world and thus have control and power over it

Answer 19

Hermeticism

Question 20

One of the religious implications of the Scientific Revolution was this notion that there was a Creator god who had established the universe as a mechanism that followed natural laws but no longer actively intervenes in the creation

Answer 20

Deism

Question 21

This female aristocrat and important participant over the proper method for science was especially critical of the growing belief that through science, humans would be masters of nature

Answer 21

Cavendish

Question 22

The island “castle” given to Tycho Brahe that was outfitted with a library, astronomical instruments, and observatories, which helped him compile the most extensive observational data of his time

Answer 22

Uraniborg

Question 23

These women, who lost out in part to men during the Scientific Revolution, had traditionally helped out in the birthing process

Answer 23

Midwives

Question 24

The crystalline, transparent, and perfect substance of which heavenly bodies were thought to be composed

Answer 24

Quintessence

Question 25

The scientific method was valuable in answering the question as to how something works, and its success in doing this gave others much confidence in the method. It did not attempt to deal with the question of _____ something happens or the purpose and meaning behind the world of nature. This allowed religion to retain its central importance in the 17th century

Answer 25

Why

Question 26

This Swiss "monarcha medicorum" argued that disease was not an imbalance of the four humors but instead a chemical imbalance that could be treated with chemical remedies; nicknamed the "homicide physician" by detractors due to his principle of "like cures like"

Answer 26

Paracelsus

Question 27

With the aid of this "spyglass," Galileo argued that planets were composed of material substance similar to that of earth rather than ethereal or perfect and unchanging substance

Answer 27

Telescope

Question 28

This father of modern philosophy and author on the "Discourse on Method" advocated rationalism

Answer 28

Descartes

Question 29

"The intention of the Holy Scripture is to teach us not how the heavens go, but how to go to _____"

Answer 29

"Heaven" -Galileo

Question 30

A mathematical means of calculating rates of change; developed independently by Newton and Leibniz

Answer 30

Calculus

Question 31

Method that begins with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions can be deduced; method that proceeds from the general to the particular

Answer 31

Deduction

Question 32

Besides Rudolf II, the key patron of Tycho Brahe

Answer 32

King Frederick II

Question 33

Method that begins with carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations and from which seeks to develop justified generalizations; method that proceeds from the particular to the general

Answer 33

Induction

Question 34

Swedish botanist who developed a binomial nomenclature system for plants and animals

Answer 34

Linnaeus

Question 35

The metaphysical position that there is one substance, be it material (physical) or spiritual (mental)

Answer 35

Monism

Question 36

The metaphysical view that all that is is God, a view espoused by Spinoza

Answer 36

Pantheism

Question 37

The belief widely held prior to the Scientific Revolution in which the universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center

Answer 37

Geocentrism

Question 38

"I think, _____ I am"

Answer 38

"Therefore" -Descartes

Question 39

Short-hand name for Galileo's most well-known and influential work, which was written in Italian and not Latin and perceived as a defense of Copernicanism

Answer 39

Dialogue

Question 40

Like the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution was this kind of historical movement

Answer 40

Elite

Question 41

_____ and _____ defended heliocentrism in antiquity; Copernicus had read about these classical thinkers in a newly published edition of the classical writer Plutarch, which demonstrates that the origins of the Scientific Revolution in part can be explained by Renaissance humanism and the humanist goal of ad fontes

Answer 41

Philolaus and Aristarchus