Age of Ideologies I (conservatism, notes) Flashcards
What is the time frame of the Age of Ideologies?
1815-1850
What are the 3 major ideologies?
Conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism
What type of philosophy is an ideology?
Social/political
What is a weltanschauung?
A worldview (also an ideology)
An ideology is a comprehensive set of what?
Political, economic, and social view or ideas, particularly concerned with the form and role of government
What is the main purpose of an ideology?
To offer change in society through a normative thought process
What is normative?
The way things ought to be
Ideologies are what type of systems and what are they applied to?
Systems of abstract thought applied to public matters
What is a tenet?
A belief
Conservatism was a reaction against what? These were released by what?
Liberalism and nationalism; The French revolution and Napoleonic eras
In conservatism, what was government typically viewed as? Between who?
A partnership or contract; Between past, present, and future generations
In conservatism, no one generation had the right to do what?
Destroy the partnership/contract of the government
In conservatism, each generation had the duty to do what?
Preserve the partnership/contract and pass it on to the next
Conservatives advocated what type of change? As opposed to what? What work would support this view?
Gradual change; As opposed to revolution; Crane Brinton’s The Anatomy of Revolution
Conservatism advocated what attitude toward political authorities?
Obedience
What did conservatism defend?
“Traditional” status quo
In conservatism, what maintained the best source of order?
Tradition
In conservatism, the welfare of the community ought to take precedence over what?
Individual rights
In conservatism, organized religion promoted what?
Social order and cohesion
Under conservatism, what was created? What 2 things evolved?
Police forces; Solitary confinement and rehabilitative views of punishment
What was Michel Foucault’s major work?
Discipline and Punishment
What does Foucault argue?
Police forces and rehabilitation are the first steps to achieve normalization and disciplined society
What is the French police force called?
Serjents
What are English policemen called? Who helped create them? With what law?
Bobbies; Sir Robert Peel; Metropolitan Police Act (1829)
Who championed the panopticon prison design? What is it?
Jeremy Benthem; A design in which a tower sits at the center of the area, and prisoners can’t see if anyone is in there
Who was the chief theorist of conservatism? What was his major work and the year it was published?
Edmund Burke; Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Who were the proponents of conservatism, socially and economically?
Aristocrats
Who were the proponents of conservatism, politically?
Tories
Who were the proponents of conservatism, religiously?
Mainline churches (Catholic and Protestant)
Who was Klemens von Metternich? What were his 2 key ideas?
Austrian foreign minister; Legitimacy and intervention
Legitimacy meant support of what?
The return of past monarchs
Intervention meant what?
Foreign countries intervening in the affairs of others in order to preserve the status quo of conservatism
Which country intervened in Spain?
France (Bourbon)
Which countries intervened in Italy
Prussia and Austria
Which country refused to support intervention?
Great Britian
What types of monarchs supported conservatism?
Hereditary
What was the name of the group of countries committed to intervention? Which countries?
Holy Alliance; Austria, Prussia, Russia and France
Who was the Austrian monarch? What problem did he face?
Franz Joseph I; Austria was multicultural and many wanted nationalism (autonomy)
Who was the French monarch? He became king due to which event? Who succeeded him? What was his nickname? Why?
Louis XVIII; Bourbon Restoration; Charles X; “Humpty Dumpty Monarch”; He tried to revive the Ancien Régime
Who was the Russian monarch? What family was he from? What was his nickname? What did he crush, who led it, and what did they want to achieve?
Nicholas I; Romanov; “The Policeman”; He crushed the Decembrist Revolt led by the Northern Union in an attempt to end serfdom
Who was the figurehead of the Holy Alliance?
Nicholas I
When did the congress of Vienna meet, and around which events? What was its purpose?
1814 (Napoleon in Elba) and 1815 (Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo); Determine what to do after Napleon
What was the Concert of Europe? How often did it meet?
Assessment of conservatism in Europe by the great powers; 4 times
In which 4 countries did intervention take place?
Spain, Italy, Poland, and Austria
Which country controls Poland after intervention?
Russia
What was the only successful revolt of this era? When did it take place? Why was it successful? What ideologies are associated with it? What was it ended by, and what year?
Greek Revolt; 1821-1830; Concert of Europe supported it (against the Ottomans); Nationalism, liberalism, and romanticism; Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
Who supported the Corn Laws? Who opposed? What ideology is associated with it?
Landowning aristocrats; Merchants, poor urban workers, the Anti-Corn Law League; Librealism
From where did the Karlsbad Decrees originate? Who did they target? What did they do?
Germanic Confederation; Burschenschaften (German university students); Impose censorship and target universities
What was the attack of protesters of the Corn Laws by cavalry called and what year did it take place?
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
What was the problem with how Europe was redrawn after the Congress of Vienna? How long did this change last until?
Wasn’t redrawn with nationalist or ethnic differences; World War I (one century)
What happens to the Spanish/Austrian Netherlands and who rules it? Who does this upset?
Becomes the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Orange); Belgium
What territory does Austria gain?
Venetia and Lomberty
What territory does Prussia gain?
Saxony, Westphalia, and territory east of the Rhine River
What happened with regards to Poland?
Russia gained control of its foreign policy
To what year did French borders revert to?
1790
What is the time frame of the Holy Roman Empire?
1800-1806
What is the time frame of the Confederation of the Rhine?
1806-1815
What is the time frame of the Germanic Confederation
1815-1871
How many territories did the Germanic Confederation encompass?
38
