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ap european history > Age of Ideologies I (liberalism, notes) > Flashcards

Age of Ideologies I (liberalism, notes) Flashcards

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1
Q

Liberalism owed much to which events?

A

Enlightenment, American Revolution, and French Revolution

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2
Q

Liberalism became more significant due to what? Who adopted this ideology?

A

Industrial Revolution; Industrial middle class/upper bourgeoisie

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3
Q

What are the twin poles of liberalism? What do they argue?

A

Economic (lassiez-faire) and political (basic civil liberties); Individuals should be as free form restraints as possible

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4
Q

What was economic liberalism also known as? What did it advocate?

A

Laissez-faire; Unfettered operation of the natural laws of economics

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5
Q

What were 6 of the natural economic laws?

A

Self-interest, competition, supply and demand, comparative advantage, “iron law of wages”, survival of the fittest

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6
Q

Who advocated for the “iron law of wages”? What did it state? He viewed this process as what? To avoid this outcome, what should be done and explain what it is?

A

David Ricardo; Natural; As the amount of workers increases, wages decrease, conditions worsen, workers die, wages increase, more children are born, and repeat; Subsistence wages which is paying workers only enough to survivie

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7
Q

According to liberalism, what are the proper functions of government?

A

Public works/infrastructure, protection from foreign invasion, and protection of individuals and property

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8
Q

According to political liberalism, the government should protect what? What are some examples?

A

Civil rights; Equality before the law, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of peaceful opposition to the government, freedom of religion, freedom from arbitrary arrest

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9
Q

Civil rights do not equal what?

A

Political rights

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10
Q

What was the liberal attitude towards church and state?

A

Separation

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11
Q

Liberals wanted their freedoms protected through what?

A

Written constitution

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12
Q

What type of government did liberals support? With what type of powers? What are examples of this?

A

Representative government; Legislative powers; Constitutional monarchy or republic

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13
Q

What type of suffrage did liberals endorse? Therefore, they were not what?

A

Limited; Democrats

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14
Q

What type of responsibility did liberals support? What is it? It was viewed as a check on what?

A

Ministerial; Monarch’s ministers are responsible to the legislative branch and not the monarch; Executive power

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15
Q

Who are 3 economic liberals and what are their works?

A

Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations), Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principles of Population) and David Ricardo (Principles of Political Economy)

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16
Q

What did Thomas Malthus argue? What mentality is this known as?

A

Due to geometric population increases and only arithmetic food supply increases, government should not interfere in the natural intervention of famine, disease, and wars; Survival of the fittest

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17
Q

What class was liberal?

A

Upper middle class/bourgeoisie

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18
Q

Which political party endorsed liberalism?

A

Whigs

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19
Q

Who advocated for women’s suffrage? In what work? Who was he married to? What was his nickname?

A

John Stuart Mill; On Liberty; Harriet Taylor; “The Ladies’ Advocate”

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20
Q

Simón Bolivar was the national hero of which countries?

A

Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia

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21
Q

José de San Martin was the national hero of which countries?

A

Argentina, Chile, and Peru

22
Q

During the first half of the 19th century, notable revolts occurred in which parts of America?

A

Central and Latin America

23
Q

During the Peninsular War, who fought who? What was the time frame? What was fought over?

A

Napoleon fought Spain; 1808-1814; Iberian Peininsula

24
Q

What group did the Karlsbaad Decrees target? What was this group’s motto? Which parts of this motto correspond to which ideologies?

A

Burschenshaften; “Honor, Liberty, Fatherland”; Liberty (liberalism) and Fatherland (nationalism)

25
Q

The Northern Union consisted of who? What did they lead and in what year? What 2 things did they want? Who was it against and what was the outcome?

A

Young Russian nobles (boyars); Decembrist Revolt (1825); Constitutional monarchy and end to serfdom; Nicholas I and failed

26
Q

In what year were the Corn Laws repealed and by which group?

A

1846 by the Anti-Corn Law League

27
Q

What did the Poor Law instate and why? In what year?

A

Unemployed/not working and beggars were put in poor houses that were in terrible condition to motivate them to want to gain employment and therefore be able to leave; 1834

28
Q

The Latin American revolutions are an example of what ideology?

A

Political liberalism

29
Q

The Frankfurt Assembly was an attempt at creating what, and occurred in what year? What is its importance and what is the outcome? Who was sent, and what was their goal? What were the two groups, what did they support, and who was successful? To whom was the crown of the German nation offered, and what was the result?

A

Liberal and united Germany (1848); Most important liberal attempt to unite the German state, but failed; Representatives from each territory were sent to create a German constitution; Big Germans (Germany w/ Austria) and Small Germans (Germany w/o Austria), who were successful; Prussia, who refused because the offer came from the commoners and not other leaders

30
Q

Whenever a British Reform Act is mentioned, what does it entail? This one occurred in what year, gave the vote to who, and how did it impact the electorate? What did it potentially allow Britain to avoid, and who else faced this problem? What happened to the various towns/cities/boroughs?

A

Attaining suffrage for some group; 1832 and gave the vote to the bourgeoisie, doubling the electorate; Revolution which plagued continental Europe; 56 “rotten (overrepresented) boroughs” were disenfranchised, 42 new towns/cities were enfranchised, others were reapportined

31
Q

What does Charles X try to restore? Through what? What did they impose? What event occurred in reaction and in what year? What 2 actions did Charles X take as a result? What famous painting depicts this reaction and by who?

A

Ancien Régiem; July Ordinances; Rigid censorship, and dissolution of the legislative body which reduced the electorate; July Revolution (1830); Abdicates and flees to Britain; Delacroix’s Lady Liberty Leading the People

32
Q

What was the time frame of Charles X’s reign? What were his nicknames? Who replaced him, and after what event?

A

1824-1830; “Humpty-Dumpty monarch” and “La Cruche” (pitcher or blockhead); Louis-Philippe (cousin) after the July Revolution

33
Q

What was the time frame of Louis-Philippe’s reign?

What was his nickname and why? Who was his champion?

A

1830-1848; “The Bourgeoisie Monarch” because he dressed like the bourgeoisie and he derived his main support from them; Francois Guizot

34
Q

What revolution occurs against Louis-Philippe? Who does it involve? What does he do, when, and where does he go? What else is crushed? What was it a response to, who was involved, and where were revolutionaries sent?

A

1848 Revolution; All classes; Abdicates in February and goes to Britain; June Days; Response to closing of National Workshops by the working class, who were sent to Algeria

35
Q

After the 1848 Revolution, what is written and when? What does it create? What does it establish up, who sets it up, and what does it involve? Who is elected and by what?

A

New French constitution by November 1848; 2nd Republic; National Workshops by Louis Blanc which put unskilled workers to work on infrastructure; Charles Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) elected president by universal male suffrage

36
Q

What was the time frame of the Ancien Régiem?

A

Pre-1789

37
Q

What was the time frame of the French Revolution?

A

1789-1815

38
Q

What other periods were a part of the French Revolution?

A

Legislative Assembly, 1st Republic, National Convention, Directory, and Consulate

39
Q

What was the time frame of the Legislative Assembly? What other period was it a part of?

A

1791-1792; French Revolution

40
Q

What was the time frame of the 1st Republic? What other period was it a part of?

A

1792-1804; French Revolution

41
Q

What other period a part of the 1st Republic?

A

National Convention, Directory, and Consulate

42
Q

What was the time frame of the National Convention? What other period was it a part of?

A

1792-1794; French Revolution and 1st Republic

43
Q

What was the time frame of the Directory? What other period was it a part of?

A

1795-1799; French Revolution and 1st Republic

44
Q

What was the time frame of the Consulate? What other period was it a part of?

A

1799-1804; French Revolution and 1st Republic

45
Q

What was the time frame of the 1st Empire? What was it established by?

A

1804-1815; Plebicite

46
Q

What was the time frame of the rule of Louis XVIII? What type of government did he reign over?

A

1814-1824; Constitutional monarchy

47
Q

What was the time frame of the rule of Charles X?

A

1824-1830

48
Q

What was the time frame of the Louis-Philippe?

A

1830-1848

49
Q

What was the time frame of the 2nd Republic?

A

1848-1852

50
Q

Who replaces Louis-Philippe and what is he later called?

A

Charles Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III

51
Q

What is Metternich’s quote in reaction to the 1848 Revolution in France? Why does he say it?

A

“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold”; Abdication of Louis-Philippe spreads throughout Europe, Communist Revolution published in 1848

52
Q

What were the 2 overall reasons why the 1848 Revolutions fail?

A

It’s easy to oppose the status quo but more difficult to come together afterwards, and the unwillingness of the middle class to extend rights to the lower classes allowed conservative groups to regroup and regain power

ap european history (24 decks)

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