Enlightenment KT (1-41) Flashcards
Central idea of Adam Smith in which the true wealth of nations was not bullion or the land but the skill set of the laboring classes
Labor Theory of Value
Since it was fought on three continents between the major European powers, some historians have labeled it the first world war
Seven Years’ War
One of the most celebrated examples of Voltaire’s commitment to religious toleration; when he defended the family of a persecuted Huguenot
Calas Affair
This group dominated the House of Lords in the 18th century
Landed aristocracy
The land, labor, and capital necessary for production; Adam Smith argued that they ought be privately owned
Means of production
This Austrian king legislated the most far-reaching “enlightened” reform program during the 18th century; unfortunately his Austrian successors undid many of his reforms
Joseph II
Published in 28 volumes, edited by Diderot and d’Alembert; it attempted to change the general way of thinking among the educated classes of Europe
Encyclopedia
The intellectuals of the Enlightenment
Philosophes
Author of the “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, which espoused the idea of the tabla rasa and was perceived as an optimistic episimology
John Locke
The elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy where invited philosophes and guests gathered to engage in witty, sparkling conversations that often centered on the ideas of the philosophes
Salons
Appointed by the British monarchs, their original functions included setting policy and guiding Parliament; they were originally responsible only to the monarch and not the Parliament
Prime ministers
Frederick the Great’s Versailles-like palace at which Voltaire lived for several years
Sanssouci
What Kant deemed the motto of the Enlightenment; English for “sampere aude”
“Dare to know”
Term used to designate the nearly exclusive control of a voting region (borough) of England by an individual or family
Pocket borough
The epistemology that humans cannot know the truth (especially religious truths)
Skepticism
Literally “reason of state”; the idea that rulers ought look beyond the dynastic interests to the long-term future of their states
Raison d’être
His “Historical and Critical Dictionary”, called by some the “Bible of the 18th Century”, promoted religious skepticism, textual criticism, and religious toleration
Pierre Bayle
By far the greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America, where it was known as the _____ _____ _____ _____
French and Indian WAr
A leading French physiocrat and proponent of the view that land was the true measure of a nation’s wealth (not bullion as the mercantilists argued)
Francois Quesney
It became the chief vehicle for fiction writing in the 18th century
Novel
The religious worldview of many of the philosophes, in which the Creator established the world to run according to natural law but no longer actively intervenes in its creation
Deism
The metaphysical position of individuals like Diderot who argue, “This world is only a mass of molecules”
Materialism
The most well-known philosophe of the Enlightenment and author of the influential “Philosophic Letters on the English”, “Candide”, “treatise on Toleration”, and countless plays, histories, novels, and panphlets
Voltaire
Historic peace treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) and left Great Britain the world’s strongest colonial power
Treaty of Paris
Famous French philosophe and author of the “Persian Letters” and “The Spirit of the Laws”; perhaps best known for his explanation of the concepts of checks and balances and separation of powers
Montisquieu
French philosophe whose optimistic view of his age were reflected in “The Progress of the Human Mind”
Condorcet
Skepticism about Christianity and European culture was in part fostered by this popular and emerging form of literature
Travel literature
The forty day period leading up to the beginning of Lent; a time of wild excess and abandon, this was the most spectacular form of festival in European popular culture
Carnival
Influential mistress of Louis XV who helped make important government decisions and even gave advice on government appointments and foreign policy
Madame de Pompadour
Literally, “blank slate”; the epistemological idea of Locke that we are born without innate ideas and knowledge
Tabula rasa
This adventurer’s “Travels”, a bestselling account of his exploits in Tahiti, Australia, and New Zeland, demonstrated the impact on the European psyche of travel literature
James Cook
This German dynastic family succeeded the Stuart line (who had succeeded the Tudor line)
Hanover
Two of the most significant composers of this musical genre were Haydn and Mozart
Classical
Italian philosophe and author of “On Crimes and Punishments” who was an opponent of capital punishment and advocate of punishment simply as a deterrent
Beccaria
Because international relations were based on considerations of power, the 18th century concept of a _____ _____ _____ was predicated on how to counterbalance the power of one state by another to prevent any one state from dominating the others
Balance of power
The name for hosts of the salons such as Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
Salonniere
The written and unwritten literature of the masses and the social activities and pursuits that are fundamental to the lives of most people; also called low culture
Popular culture
The intellectual inspiration for the Enlightenment derived from the influential ideas and methods of John Locke and _____ _____
Isaac Newton
Probably the most well-known salonniere
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
Considered the mother of European feminism, this author of “Vindication of the Rights of Women” argued that if women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights that men have and thus should have equal rights with men in education and in economic and political life as well
Mary Wollstonecraft
How Voltaire often signed his letters late in life; literally, “Ecrasez l’infame”; a protest against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and superstition
Crush the infamous thing
