Enlightenment KT (1-41)

Question 1

Central idea of Adam Smith in which the true wealth of nations was not bullion or the land but the skill set of the laboring classes

Answer 1

Labor Theory of Value

Question 2

Since it was fought on three continents between the major European powers, some historians have labeled it the first world war

Answer 2

Seven Years’ War

Question 3

One of the most celebrated examples of Voltaire’s commitment to religious toleration; when he defended the family of a persecuted Huguenot

Answer 3

Calas Affair

Question 4

This group dominated the House of Lords in the 18th century

Answer 4

Landed aristocracy

Question 5

The land, labor, and capital necessary for production; Adam Smith argued that they ought be privately owned

Answer 5

Means of production

Question 6

This Austrian king legislated the most far-reaching “enlightened” reform program during the 18th century; unfortunately his Austrian successors undid many of his reforms

Answer 6

Joseph II

Question 7

Published in 28 volumes, edited by Diderot and d’Alembert; it attempted to change the general way of thinking among the educated classes of Europe

Answer 7

Encyclopedia

Question 8

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment

Answer 8

Philosophes

Question 9

Author of the “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, which espoused the idea of the tabla rasa and was perceived as an optimistic episimology

Answer 9

John Locke

Question 10

The elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy where invited philosophes and guests gathered to engage in witty, sparkling conversations that often centered on the ideas of the philosophes

Answer 10

Salons

Question 11

Appointed by the British monarchs, their original functions included setting policy and guiding Parliament; they were originally responsible only to the monarch and not the Parliament

Answer 11

Prime ministers

Question 12

Frederick the Great’s Versailles-like palace at which Voltaire lived for several years

Answer 12

Sanssouci

Question 13

What Kant deemed the motto of the Enlightenment; English for “sampere aude”

Answer 13

“Dare to know”

Question 14

Term used to designate the nearly exclusive control of a voting region (borough) of England by an individual or family

Answer 14

Pocket borough

Question 15

The epistemology that humans cannot know the truth (especially religious truths)

Answer 15

Skepticism

Question 16

Literally “reason of state”; the idea that rulers ought look beyond the dynastic interests to the long-term future of their states

Answer 16

Raison d’être

Question 17

His “Historical and Critical Dictionary”, called by some the “Bible of the 18th Century”, promoted religious skepticism, textual criticism, and religious toleration

Answer 17

Pierre Bayle

Question 18

By far the greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America, where it was known as the _____ _____ _____ _____

Answer 18

French and Indian WAr

Question 19

A leading French physiocrat and proponent of the view that land was the true measure of a nation’s wealth (not bullion as the mercantilists argued)

Answer 19

Francois Quesney

Question 20

It became the chief vehicle for fiction writing in the 18th century

Answer 20

Novel

Question 21

The religious worldview of many of the philosophes, in which the Creator established the world to run according to natural law but no longer actively intervenes in its creation

Answer 21

Deism

Question 22

The metaphysical position of individuals like Diderot who argue, “This world is only a mass of molecules”

Answer 22

Materialism

Question 23

The most well-known philosophe of the Enlightenment and author of the influential “Philosophic Letters on the English”, “Candide”, “treatise on Toleration”, and countless plays, histories, novels, and panphlets

Answer 23

Voltaire

Question 24

Historic peace treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) and left Great Britain the world’s strongest colonial power

Answer 24

Treaty of Paris

Question 25

Famous French philosophe and author of the “Persian Letters” and “The Spirit of the Laws”; perhaps best known for his explanation of the concepts of checks and balances and separation of powers

Answer 25

Montisquieu

Question 26

French philosophe whose optimistic view of his age were reflected in “The Progress of the Human Mind”

Answer 26

Condorcet

Question 27

Skepticism about Christianity and European culture was in part fostered by this popular and emerging form of literature

Answer 27

Travel literature

Question 28

The forty day period leading up to the beginning of Lent; a time of wild excess and abandon, this was the most spectacular form of festival in European popular culture

Answer 28

Carnival

Question 29

Influential mistress of Louis XV who helped make important government decisions and even gave advice on government appointments and foreign policy

Answer 29

Madame de Pompadour

Question 30

Literally, “blank slate”; the epistemological idea of Locke that we are born without innate ideas and knowledge

Answer 30

Tabula rasa

Question 31

This adventurer’s “Travels”, a bestselling account of his exploits in Tahiti, Australia, and New Zeland, demonstrated the impact on the European psyche of travel literature

Answer 31

James Cook

Question 32

This German dynastic family succeeded the Stuart line (who had succeeded the Tudor line)

Answer 32

Hanover

Question 33

Two of the most significant composers of this musical genre were Haydn and Mozart

Answer 33

Classical

Question 34

Italian philosophe and author of “On Crimes and Punishments” who was an opponent of capital punishment and advocate of punishment simply as a deterrent

Answer 34

Beccaria

Question 35

Because international relations were based on considerations of power, the 18th century concept of a _____ _____ _____ was predicated on how to counterbalance the power of one state by another to prevent any one state from dominating the others

Answer 35

Balance of power

Question 36

The name for hosts of the salons such as Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Answer 36

Salonniere

Question 37

The written and unwritten literature of the masses and the social activities and pursuits that are fundamental to the lives of most people; also called low culture

Answer 37

Popular culture

Question 38

The intellectual inspiration for the Enlightenment derived from the influential ideas and methods of John Locke and _____ _____

Answer 38

Isaac Newton

Question 39

Probably the most well-known salonniere

Answer 39

Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Question 40

Considered the mother of European feminism, this author of “Vindication of the Rights of Women” argued that if women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights that men have and thus should have equal rights with men in education and in economic and political life as well

Answer 40

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 41

How Voltaire often signed his letters late in life; literally, “Ecrasez l’infame”; a protest against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and superstition

Answer 41

Crush the infamous thing