Enlightenment KT (42-81) Flashcards
“Let the people do as the choose’; physiocrat belief that governments ought not to tamper with the natural laws of economics such as supply and demand
Laissez-faire
This form of mass print culture was printed on cheap paper and were brochures that contained both secular and spiritual stories
Chapbooks
This Russian monarch, and author of the “Instruction”, intellectually had all the trappings of an “enlightened monarch”, though many of her policies had the opposite effect
Catherine the Geat
An important “popularizer” of science to the educated classes of European society; secretary of the French Royal Academy of Sciences and the author of “The Plurality of Worlds”
Bernard de Fontelle
Known as the “Great”, this Prussian king considered himself the “first servant of the state”, and has generally been regarded as a key example of an enlightened absolute monarch
Frederick II
Well-known historian who employed a thoroughly secular historiography and wrote the acclaimed “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”
Edward Gibbon
Famous Swiss philosophe, author of “The Social Contract” and the “Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind”, and champion of participator democracy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Two of the most significant composers of this musical genre were Bach and Handel
Baroque
When the philosophes used the word _____, one of their favorite words, they were advocating the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life
Reason
The literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes; also called elite culture
High culture
The Enlightenment belief that Newton’s scientific methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to the emergence in the 18th century of what the philosophes called the “science of man”, or what we would call the _____ _____
Social sciences
British general who defeated the French forces led by Louis-Joseph Montcalm outside Quebec on the Plains of Abraham
Joseph Wolfe
School of art that flourished in the 18th century; extremely secular, its lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love; sometimes described as “ancien regime” art; key painters in thsi school included Fragonard and Watteau
Rococo
French philosophe, author of the “System of Nature”, and strict materalist and even atheist
Baron Paul d’Holbach
Perhaps the most important Enlightenment treatment of education; penned by Rousseau and written like a novel, this (chauvinistic) treatise defends a style of education that fosters a child’s natural instincts
Emile
She established the Sunday Schools in England
Hannah More
Within the European state system, the nations that would dominate Europe until World War I, Britain, France, Austria, _____, and Russia, emerged as the five great powers of Europe
Prussia
This Cossack led a rebellion, which ultimately failed, against the Russian state under Catherine II in 1773
Pugachev’s Rebellion
The philosophes’ call for freedom of expression is a reminder that their work was done in an atmosphere of _____
Censorship
Perhaps the most well-known example of this kind of print culture in the 18th century was Addison and Steele’s “Spectator”
Magazines
The 18th century British political system was characterized y a sharing of power between king and Parliament, with _____ gradually gaining the upper hand
Parliament
Famous open-air preacher led Christian revival in the midst of the age of reason
John WEsley
Also called enlightened despotism, the supposedly new form of monarchy that emerged in the 18th century as certain monarchs fell under the spell of the philosophes’ reforming program
Enlightened monarchy
Rousseau’s term for a majority vote
General will
Agreement negotiated by the Austrian monarchy Charles VI with other European heads of state by which they agreed to recognize his daughter as his legal heir
Pragmatic Sanction
The tutor of Candide (and diciple of Leibniz) who in the face of natural and moral evil calmly responded that “All is for the best in this best of all possible worlds”
Pangloss
Name for the British monarch’s chief minister (who became a more important figure in 18th century British politics given the lack of familiarity with the British system and language barrier encountered there by early Hanoverians
Prime Minister
What Immanuel Kant called “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity
Enlightenment
A largely German religious movement that sought the personal experience of God in one’s life; a movement encouraged by the teachings of Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf and his Moravian Bretheren
Pietism
This French philosophe published a translation of Newton’s Principia; the mistress of Voltaire
Emilie du Chatelet
Chief proponent of economic liberalism, author of the influential “Wealth of Nations”, and defender of the labor theory of value
Adam Smith
Usually considered Britian’s first prime minister, succeeded by the influential William Pitt the Elder, Lord Bute, and William Pitt eh younger; as prime minster, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy
Robert Walpole
The belief that no one culture is superior to another; from a European perspective, the rejection of Eurocentrism
Cultural relativeism
Term synonymous with the extreme exaltation of military virtues in the Prussian state
Prussian militarism
This group dominated the House of Commons in the 18th century
Gentry
The first daily newspaper, printed in London in 1702
The Daily Courant
Portion of the Austrian Empire lost to the Prussians in the War of Austrian Succession
Silesia
Treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession and promised the return of all occupied territories except Silesia to their original owners
Aix-la-Chapelle
Artists of this school wanted to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome; key artists include Jacques-Louis David
Neoclassicism
Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person; they include equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness
Natural rights
