Enlightenment KT (42-81)

Question 1

“Let the people do as the choose’; physiocrat belief that governments ought not to tamper with the natural laws of economics such as supply and demand

Answer 1

Laissez-faire

Question 2

This form of mass print culture was printed on cheap paper and were brochures that contained both secular and spiritual stories

Answer 2

Chapbooks

Question 3

This Russian monarch, and author of the “Instruction”, intellectually had all the trappings of an “enlightened monarch”, though many of her policies had the opposite effect

Answer 3

Catherine the Geat

Question 4

An important “popularizer” of science to the educated classes of European society; secretary of the French Royal Academy of Sciences and the author of “The Plurality of Worlds”

Answer 4

Bernard de Fontelle

Question 5

Known as the “Great”, this Prussian king considered himself the “first servant of the state”, and has generally been regarded as a key example of an enlightened absolute monarch

Answer 5

Frederick II

Question 6

Well-known historian who employed a thoroughly secular historiography and wrote the acclaimed “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”

Answer 6

Edward Gibbon

Question 7

Famous Swiss philosophe, author of “The Social Contract” and the “Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind”, and champion of participator democracy

Answer 7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 8

Two of the most significant composers of this musical genre were Bach and Handel

Answer 8

Baroque

Question 9

When the philosophes used the word _____, one of their favorite words, they were advocating the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life

Answer 9

Reason

Question 10

The literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes; also called elite culture

Answer 10

High culture

Question 11

The Enlightenment belief that Newton’s scientific methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to the emergence in the 18th century of what the philosophes called the “science of man”, or what we would call the _____ _____

Answer 11

Social sciences

Question 12

British general who defeated the French forces led by Louis-Joseph Montcalm outside Quebec on the Plains of Abraham

Answer 12

Joseph Wolfe

Question 13

School of art that flourished in the 18th century; extremely secular, its lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love; sometimes described as “ancien regime” art; key painters in thsi school included Fragonard and Watteau

Answer 13

Rococo

Question 14

French philosophe, author of the “System of Nature”, and strict materalist and even atheist

Answer 14

Baron Paul d’Holbach

Question 15

Perhaps the most important Enlightenment treatment of education; penned by Rousseau and written like a novel, this (chauvinistic) treatise defends a style of education that fosters a child’s natural instincts

Answer 15

Emile

Question 16

She established the Sunday Schools in England

Answer 16

Hannah More

Question 17

Within the European state system, the nations that would dominate Europe until World War I, Britain, France, Austria, _____, and Russia, emerged as the five great powers of Europe

Answer 17

Prussia

Question 18

This Cossack led a rebellion, which ultimately failed, against the Russian state under Catherine II in 1773

Answer 18

Pugachev’s Rebellion

Question 19

The philosophes’ call for freedom of expression is a reminder that their work was done in an atmosphere of _____

Answer 19

Censorship

Question 20

Perhaps the most well-known example of this kind of print culture in the 18th century was Addison and Steele’s “Spectator”

Answer 20

Magazines

Question 21

The 18th century British political system was characterized y a sharing of power between king and Parliament, with _____ gradually gaining the upper hand

Answer 21

Parliament

Question 22

Famous open-air preacher led Christian revival in the midst of the age of reason

Answer 22

John WEsley

Question 23

Also called enlightened despotism, the supposedly new form of monarchy that emerged in the 18th century as certain monarchs fell under the spell of the philosophes’ reforming program

Answer 23

Enlightened monarchy

Question 24

Rousseau’s term for a majority vote

Answer 24

General will

Question 25

Agreement negotiated by the Austrian monarchy Charles VI with other European heads of state by which they agreed to recognize his daughter as his legal heir

Answer 25

Pragmatic Sanction

Question 26

The tutor of Candide (and diciple of Leibniz) who in the face of natural and moral evil calmly responded that “All is for the best in this best of all possible worlds”

Answer 26

Pangloss

Question 27

Name for the British monarch’s chief minister (who became a more important figure in 18th century British politics given the lack of familiarity with the British system and language barrier encountered there by early Hanoverians

Answer 27

Prime Minister

Question 28

What Immanuel Kant called “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity

Answer 28

Enlightenment

Question 29

A largely German religious movement that sought the personal experience of God in one’s life; a movement encouraged by the teachings of Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf and his Moravian Bretheren

Answer 29

Pietism

Question 30

This French philosophe published a translation of Newton’s Principia; the mistress of Voltaire

Answer 30

Emilie du Chatelet

Question 31

Chief proponent of economic liberalism, author of the influential “Wealth of Nations”, and defender of the labor theory of value

Answer 31

Adam Smith

Question 32

Usually considered Britian’s first prime minister, succeeded by the influential William Pitt the Elder, Lord Bute, and William Pitt eh younger; as prime minster, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy

Answer 32

Robert Walpole

Question 33

The belief that no one culture is superior to another; from a European perspective, the rejection of Eurocentrism

Answer 33

Cultural relativeism

Question 34

Term synonymous with the extreme exaltation of military virtues in the Prussian state

Answer 34

Prussian militarism

Question 35

This group dominated the House of Commons in the 18th century

Answer 35

Gentry

Question 36

The first daily newspaper, printed in London in 1702

Answer 36

The Daily Courant

Question 37

Portion of the Austrian Empire lost to the Prussians in the War of Austrian Succession

Answer 37

Silesia

Question 38

Treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession and promised the return of all occupied territories except Silesia to their original owners

Answer 38

Aix-la-Chapelle

Question 39

Artists of this school wanted to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome; key artists include Jacques-Louis David

Answer 39

Neoclassicism

Question 40

Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person; they include equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness

Answer 40

Natural rights