Russia

Question 1

Original state of Russia

Answer 1

Multiethnic + multilingual + multicultural - much more successful than Ottomans; Dictatorship of tsars - supported by RCC + nobles (owned serfs)

Question 2

Crimean War

Answer 2

Russia vs Coalition - War that revealed Russia’s weakness against Europeans (unable to fight against industrial powers)

Question 3

Cause of the Crimean War

Answer 3

Russian expansion - tried to take control over Ottoman Empire

Question 4

Why did the Europeans help Ottoman Empire?

Answer 4

Russian control over Ottomans threatened to upset balance in Europe

Question 5

Crimean War

Answer 5

Military conflict between coalition and Russia; Revealed Russian weakness; Coalition won

Question 6

Coalition

Answer 6

Alliance of the Ottoman + Britain + France + Sardinia

Question 7

Russia weakness against Europeans

Answer 7

Military weakness + Weakness of agricultural economy based on unfree labor (couldn’t make enough money)

Question 8

Cause of Social Reform

Answer 8

Crimean War

Question 9

Most significant social reform

Answer 9

Emancipation of serfs

Question 10

Groups of people that opposed serfdom

Answer 10

Radicals + High officials

Question 11

Causes of abolishment of serfdom

Answer 11

People believed it was an obstacle to economic development; Source of rural instability + peasant revolts

Question 12

Tsar Alexander II

Answer 12

Believed it was better to abolish serfdom than for the serfs to liberate themselves; Issued the Emancipation Manifesto

Question 13

Emancipation Manifesto

Answer 13

Abolished serfdom + granted liberty to 23 million serfs (full citizenship, marriage rights, property ownership)

Question 14

Which group of people did the Emancipation Manifesto help most?

Answer 14

Nobles (landowners) - compensated by gov. for land loss; Serfs - won freedom + opportunities to become landowners (social mobility)

Question 15

How did peasants feel about the Emancipation Manifesto?

Answer 15

Didn’t like it - Received few political rights + had to payed tax on lands they received

Question 16

Mir (Society)

Answer 16

Land distributed among communal ownership -> Peasants unable to sell their land; Can gave serfs land

Question 17

Stolypin reforms

Answer 17

Agricultural reforms where peasants wanted to break up communes + create individual peasant landowner class

Question 18

Effects that the Emancipation Manifesto had on the peasant class

Answer 18

Few prospered; Most in debt for the rest of their lives; Didn’t increase agricultural production

Question 19

Cause of Other Reforms

Answer 19

Emancipation Manifesto

Question 20

Zemstvos

Answer 20

Elected (by all classes) district assemblies - address local issues (health, education, welfare); Subordinate to the tsar + landowning nobility

Question 21

Legal Reforms

Answer 21

Revision of judiciary system - Created European-style law courts (independent judges, courts, trial by jury, elected justices for minor offenses)

Question 22

Result of legal reforms

Answer 22

Less judicial corruption

Question 23

Why did Alexander II issued the Emancipation Manifesto?

Answer 23

To create a mobile labor force for industrialization

Question 24

Russian Industrialization

Answer 24

Came along with social + political reforms; Political + military motivations; Driving force = government policy; *Much of the growth came from private investors who wanted to make money

Question 25

Russian Industrialization vs European Industrialization

Answer 25

Political + military motivations rather than economic; Started by government policy rather than entrepreneurial goals

Question 26

Count Sergei Witte

Answer 26

One behind Russian industrialization; Made policies to increase economic development (railway; banks; foreign trade)

Question 27

What was Witte's most important industrial policy?

Answer 27

Railway construction - linked all regions of Russian empire + increasing development of other industries

Question 28

Trans-Siberian railway

Answer 28

Most important railway line; Led to settlement + exploitation + industrialization of Siberia

Question 29

Who supported Russian industrialization with their money?

Answer 29

Witte got large foreign loans from French + Belgium = Steel + coal industries while Britain = Petroleum industry

Question 30

How did serfs + peasants felt about Industrialization?

Answer 30

Peasant rebellions; Industrial worker strikes; Freed serfs didn't like factory work (robot)

Question 31

Effect of Industrialization on Social Classes

Answer 31

Created an urban working class

Question 32

Working environment of Industrialization

Answer 32

Horrible like Europe (low standard of living; gov. prohibited formation of trade unions + strikes); Economic exploitations; No political freedom

Question 33

Who benefited from Russian industrialization?

Answer 33

Foreign investors + growing Russian business class - Benefited from gov policy (protection of domestic industry + profits)

Question 34

Russian capitalists vs European capitalists

Answer 34

So rich that they didn't complain about the government - didn't challenge tsarist rule unlike Europeans with material + ideological reasons

Question 35

What inspired industrialization reform movements?

Answer 35

Government reforms

Question 36

Who were the main group that opposed Russian Industrialization?

Answer 36

Intelligentsia

Question 37

Intelligentsia

Answer 37

University students + intellectuals; Methods: Gradual reform + revolutionary activities

Question 38

Goal of protest groups

Answer 38

Political reform + social change towards a socialist system based on Russian cultural traditions - Inspired by European socialism but hated individualism + materialism

Question 39

Anarchists

Answer 39

Revolutionaries who believe individual freedom can’t be realized until all gov abolished; Method: terrorism + assassination

Question 40

Goal of anarchists

Answer 40

Authority should come from local governing councils elected based on universal suffrage

Question 41

Repressions of Russian Government

Answer 41

Censored publications; Secret police infiltrated + broke up radicals -> Enraged the radicals even more

Question 42

Baltic provinces

Answer 42

Against tsar on ethnic + political + social grounds - Used schools + political groups to build separatist movements → Tried to achieve independence from Russian Empire

Question 43

Government response to Baltic provinces

Answer 43

Russification - Repress non-Russian languages; Only loyalists can have education

Question 44

Pogroms

Answer 44

Anti-Jew riots - Russian authorities suspicious of Jews

Question 45

Land and Freedom Party

Answer 45

Tried to force government into reform by promoting assassinations

Question 46

The People’s Will

Answer 46

Faction of LFP; Assassinated Alexander II → Ended reform era → Started repression

Question 47

Nicholas II

Answer 47

Weak ruler; Supported oppression + police control; Tried to expand into East Asia → Clashed with Japanese and lost

Question 48

What caused Bloody Sunday?

Answer 48

Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War

Question 49

Bloody Sunday

Answer 49

Workers marched on Winter Palace, St. Petersburg - Asking for popularly elected assembly + concessions -> Shot by gov troops, 130 killed; Caused labor unrest, peasant insurrections, student demonstrations, mutiny (army and navy)

Question 50

Soviets

Answer 50

Councils created by urban workers to organize strikes + negotiate with gov. authorities

Question 51

Why was the Duma created?

Answer 51

Government forced to make concessions due to Russian military defeat which caused social discontent + protests (Bloody Sunday)

Question 52

Duma

Answer 52

Russia's first parliamentary institution; Major concession but doesn't have enough power to create or destroy governments

Question 53

Who made Nicholas II create the Duma?

Answer 53

Sergei Witte - Peace negotiator with Japan