Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Modern World History > Russia > Flashcards

Russia Flashcards

1
Q

Original state of Russia

A

Multiethnic + multilingual + multicultural - much more successful than Ottomans; Dictatorship of tsars - supported by RCC + nobles (owned serfs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Crimean War

A

Russia vs Coalition - War that revealed Russia’s weakness against Europeans (unable to fight against industrial powers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cause of the Crimean War

A

Russian expansion - tried to take control over Ottoman Empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why did the Europeans help Ottoman Empire?

A

Russian control over Ottomans threatened to upset balance in Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Crimean War

A

Military conflict between coalition and Russia; Revealed Russian weakness; Coalition won

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coalition

A

Alliance of the Ottoman + Britain + France + Sardinia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Russia weakness against Europeans

A

Military weakness + Weakness of agricultural economy based on unfree labor (couldn’t make enough money)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cause of Social Reform

A

Crimean War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most significant social reform

A

Emancipation of serfs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Groups of people that opposed serfdom

A

Radicals + High officials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of abolishment of serfdom

A

People believed it was an obstacle to economic development; Source of rural instability + peasant revolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tsar Alexander II

A

Believed it was better to abolish serfdom than for the serfs to liberate themselves; Issued the Emancipation Manifesto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emancipation Manifesto

A

Abolished serfdom + granted liberty to 23 million serfs (full citizenship, marriage rights, property ownership)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which group of people did the Emancipation Manifesto help most?

A

Nobles (landowners) - compensated by gov. for land loss; Serfs - won freedom + opportunities to become landowners (social mobility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did peasants feel about the Emancipation Manifesto?

A

Didn’t like it - Received few political rights + had to payed tax on lands they received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mir (Society)

A

Land distributed among communal ownership -> Peasants unable to sell their land; Can gave serfs land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stolypin reforms

A

Agricultural reforms where peasants wanted to break up communes + create individual peasant landowner class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Effects that the Emancipation Manifesto had on the peasant class

A

Few prospered; Most in debt for the rest of their lives; Didn’t increase agricultural production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cause of Other Reforms

A

Emancipation Manifesto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Zemstvos

A

Elected (by all classes) district assemblies - address local issues (health, education, welfare); Subordinate to the tsar + landowning nobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Legal Reforms

A

Revision of judiciary system - Created European-style law courts (independent judges, courts, trial by jury, elected justices for minor offenses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Result of legal reforms

A

Less judicial corruption

23
Q

Why did Alexander II issued the Emancipation Manifesto?

A

To create a mobile labor force for industrialization

24
Q

Russian Industrialization

A

Came along with social + political reforms; Political + military motivations; Driving force = government policy; *Much of the growth came from private investors who wanted to make money

25
Q

Russian Industrialization vs European Industrialization

A

Political + military motivations rather than economic; Started by government policy rather than entrepreneurial goals

26
Q

Count Sergei Witte

A

One behind Russian industrialization; Made policies to increase economic development (railway; banks; foreign trade)

27
Q

What was Witte’s most important industrial policy?

A

Railway construction - linked all regions of Russian empire + increasing development of other industries

28
Q

Trans-Siberian railway

A

Most important railway line; Led to settlement + exploitation + industrialization of Siberia

29
Q

Who supported Russian industrialization with their money?

A

Witte got large foreign loans from French + Belgium = Steel + coal industries while Britain = Petroleum industry

30
Q

How did serfs + peasants felt about Industrialization?

A

Peasant rebellions; Industrial worker strikes; Freed serfs didn’t like factory work (robot)

31
Q

Effect of Industrialization on Social Classes

A

Created an urban working class

32
Q

Working environment of Industrialization

A

Horrible like Europe (low standard of living; gov. prohibited formation of trade unions + strikes); Economic exploitations; No political freedom

33
Q

Who benefited from Russian industrialization?

A

Foreign investors + growing Russian business class - Benefited from gov policy (protection of domestic industry + profits)

34
Q

Russian capitalists vs European capitalists

A

So rich that they didn’t complain about the government - didn’t challenge tsarist rule unlike Europeans with material + ideological reasons

35
Q

What inspired industrialization reform movements?

A

Government reforms

36
Q

Who were the main group that opposed Russian Industrialization?

A

Intelligentsia

37
Q

Intelligentsia

A

University students + intellectuals; Methods: Gradual reform + revolutionary activities

38
Q

Goal of protest groups

A

Political reform + social change towards a socialist system based on Russian cultural traditions - Inspired by European socialism but hated individualism + materialism

39
Q

Anarchists

A

Revolutionaries who believe individual freedom can’t be realized until all gov abolished; Method: terrorism + assassination

40
Q

Goal of anarchists

A

Authority should come from local governing councils elected based on universal suffrage

41
Q

Repressions of Russian Government

A

Censored publications; Secret police infiltrated + broke up radicals -> Enraged the radicals even more

42
Q

Baltic provinces

A

Against tsar on ethnic + political + social grounds - Used schools + political groups to build separatist movements → Tried to achieve independence from Russian Empire

43
Q

Government response to Baltic provinces

A

Russification - Repress non-Russian languages; Only loyalists can have education

44
Q

Pogroms

A

Anti-Jew riots - Russian authorities suspicious of Jews

45
Q

Land and Freedom Party

A

Tried to force government into reform by promoting assassinations

46
Q

The People’s Will

A

Faction of LFP; Assassinated Alexander II → Ended reform era → Started repression

47
Q

Nicholas II

A

Weak ruler; Supported oppression + police control; Tried to expand into East Asia → Clashed with Japanese and lost

48
Q

What caused Bloody Sunday?

A

Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War

49
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

Workers marched on Winter Palace, St. Petersburg - Asking for popularly elected assembly + concessions -> Shot by gov troops, 130 killed; Caused labor unrest, peasant insurrections, student demonstrations, mutiny (army and navy)

50
Q

Soviets

A

Councils created by urban workers to organize strikes + negotiate with gov. authorities

51
Q

Why was the Duma created?

A

Government forced to make concessions due to Russian military defeat which caused social discontent + protests (Bloody Sunday)

52
Q

Duma

A

Russia’s first parliamentary institution; Major concession but doesn’t have enough power to create or destroy governments

53
Q

Who made Nicholas II create the Duma?

A

Sergei Witte - Peace negotiator with Japan

Modern World History (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions