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AP Modern World History > Ottomans > Flashcards

Ottomans Flashcards

1
Q

What caused its empire to weaken?

A

Military difficulties + challenges to its rule

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2
Q

Military difficulties

A

Defeated by Europeans (don’t have advanced strategy + tactics + weaponry + training); No discipline in Janissary corps

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3
Q

Janissaries

A

Elite military soldiers

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4
Q

What effects did the Janissaries had on the Ottoman Empire?

A

They had become a powerful political force -> Degrading military strength (no military training + advancements in weapon technology)

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5
Q

Political difficulties

A

Caused by loss of military power; Government lost power to its own officials for protection

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6
Q

Ottoman governers

A

Formed private armies to support the Sultan in exchange for recognition of autonomy; Began keeping taxes for themselves→less money for central government

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7
Q

Autonomy

A

Right of self-government

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8
Q

Why did Ottomans lose so much territories?

A

Weak military + Nationalism (→independence of Greece + Serbia)

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9
Q

Cause of the loss of Egypt

A

Napoleon invaded - failed → Internal power struggle between local elites

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10
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Ruler of Egypt - won power struggle in Egypt; General - European army; Subordinate to sultan but basically independent; Invaded Ottoman but British intervened to stop Ottoman collapse

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11
Q

Economic difficulties

A

Trade declined due to Europeans trading directly with India + China; European industrialization → European goods (cheap + high quality) in Ottoman markets → high demand →hurt Ottoman artisans + craftsman

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12
Q

Effect of European trade

A

Ottoman economic system: Fiscal insolvency + financial dependency → Rely on foreign loans for money - Unable to pay interest on loans → Accept administration of debt by Europeans

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13
Q

Capitulations

A

Agreements that European visitors are exempt for Ottoman law - let Europeans exercise jurisdiction on own citizens own laws

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14
Q

How did capitulation worse Ottoman economy?

A

European businessmen make tax-exempt banks + commercial enterprises; Foreign companies levy duties (impose taxes) on goods sold in Ottoman Empire

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15
Q

Result of European trade

A

Ottomans were unable to maintain bureaucracy - Can’t pay workers → reduced morale; Recruitment difficulties; Increased corruption; Increased taxes to offset revenue losses→exploitation of peasantry→declined agricultural production

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16
Q

Causes of Reform in Ottoman Empire

A

Military + Economic + Political

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17
Q

Beginning reform efforts

A

Limit taxation + increase agricultural production + end official corruption

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18
Q

Sultan Selim III

A

Tried to reform army with European model; New military challenged role of Janissaries

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19
Q

How did the Janissaries react to Selim’s new military system?

A

Revolts - Kill all European troops + lock up Selim; Stopped his successor when he tried to reform + killed all male members of dynasty except Mahmud II

20
Q

Mahmud II

A

Reforms are restoration of traditional Ottoman military / old tradition; Implemented European-style army

21
Q

Why didn’t the Janissaries win against Mahmud?

A

Riots were massacred by loyal troops to Mahmud

22
Q

Result of Mahmud II’s reforms

A

Remodeled Ottoman institutions based on Western style

23
Q

Military Reform of Mahmud II

A

Ottoman soldiers dressed in European style uniforms + weapons + tactics + education

24
Q

Social Reform of Mahmud II

A

Government created secondary education for boys (primary education -> scientific + technical + military academies)

25
Political Reform of Mahmud II
Transferred power from traditional elites to himself + cabinet by: taxed rural landlords + abolished military land grants + undermined ulama
26
Ulama
Islamic leadership
27
How did Mahmud II gain legitimacy / more power?
Made European-style ministries; Built new roads + telegraph lines + postal service
28
Tanzimat Era
Era of rapid reform
29
Inspirations of Tanzimat Reformers
Enlightenment ideas (equality) + European constitutions
30
Goal of Tanzimat reformers
Make Ottoman law acceptable for Europeans to stop capitulations + recover Ottoman sovereignty
31
Reforms of Tanzimat Era
Modeled legal system after French; Protected citizen rights (public trials, privacy, equality before law for both Muslims + non-Muslims); Education reforms
32
Who were against the Tanzimat reformers?
Religious conservatives + minority groups + Young Ottomans + Ottoman bureaucracy
33
Why were religious conservatives against Tanzimat reformers?
They thought reforms were threat to Islamic foundation; Muslims view equality for Jews + Christians against principles of Islamic law
34
Why were some minority groups against Tanzimat reformers?
Thought reforms would decrease their importance as intermediaries w Ottoman state
35
Why were Young Ottomans against Tanzimat reformers?
Wanted Tanzimat to go further; Mixed in political + religious views; Wanted individual freedom + local autonomy + political decentralization + constitutional government + equality for all no matter the culture / religion
36
Why were Ottoman bureaucracy against Tanzimat reformers?
They wanted to put checks on sultan’s power through constitution
37
Abdül Hamid II
Sultan who signed a constitution that limited his authority + created a representative government; Suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, + exiled/executed liberals; Ruled as autocrat for 30 years to protect empire from Europe; Continued Tanzimat reforms: police, education, economy, railroads.
38
What did Ottoman bureaucrats and military officers learn under Hamid II?
Modern science, technology, and European political, social, and cultural traditions.
39
Result of Hamid II's reforms
Exiled believe problem with Ottoman empire was unlimited power of sultan
40
Young Turks
Most active dissident organization - Founded by exiled Ottomans; Promoted reform using newspapers
41
Young Turks Beliefs
Universal suffrage; equality before law, secularism, women’s rights; freedom of religion; free public education; Nationalism of Turkish people; Ottoman empire become Turkey
42
What was the Young Turks' goal regarding the Ottoman Empire?
Wanted to maintain Turkish hegemony in the empire
43
What language did the Young Turks make the official language of the empire?
Turkish - caused tension bc many people in the empire spoke Arabic or Slavic
44
How did the Ottoman Empire survive into the 20th century?
European powers were unsure how to divide the empire
45
Extraterritoriality
The right or privilege of a state to exercise authority in certain circumstances beyond the limits of its territory

AP Modern World History (33 decks)

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