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Modern World History > Ottomans > Flashcards

Ottomans Flashcards

1
Q

What caused its empire to weaken?

A

Military difficulties + challenges to its rule

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2
Q

Military difficulties

A

Defeated by Europeans (don’t have advanced strategy + tactics + weaponry + training); No discipline in Janissary corps

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3
Q

Janissaries

A

Elite military soldiers

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4
Q

What effects did the Janissaries had on the Ottoman Empire?

A

They had become a powerful political force -> Degrading military strength (no military training + advancements in weapon technology)

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5
Q

Political difficulties

A

Caused by loss of military power; Government lost power to its own officials for protection

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6
Q

Ottoman governers

A

Formed private armies to support the Sultan in exchange for recognition of autonomy; Began keeping taxes for themselves→less money for central government

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7
Q

Autonomy

A

Right of self-government

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8
Q

Why did Ottomans lose so much territories?

A

Weak military + Nationalism (→independence of Greece + Serbia)

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9
Q

Cause of the loss of Egypt

A

Napoleon invaded - failed → Internal power struggle between local elites

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10
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Ruler of Egypt - won power struggle in Egypt; General - European army; Subordinate to sultan but basically independent; Invaded Ottoman but British intervened to stop Ottoman collapse

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11
Q

Economic difficulties

A

Trade declined due to Europeans trading directly with India + China; European industrialization → European goods (cheap + high quality) in Ottoman markets → high demand →hurt Ottoman artisans + craftsman

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12
Q

Effect of European trade

A

Ottoman economic system: Fiscal insolvency + financial dependency → Rely on foreign loans for money - Unable to pay interest on loans → Accept administration of debt by Europeans

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13
Q

Capitulations

A

Agreements that European visitors are exempt for Ottoman law - let Europeans exercise jurisdiction on own citizens own laws

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14
Q

How did capitulation worse Ottoman economy?

A

European businessmen make tax-exempt banks + commercial enterprises; Foreign companies levy duties (impose taxes) on goods sold in Ottoman Empire

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15
Q

Result of European trade

A

Ottomans were unable to maintain bureaucracy - Can’t pay workers → reduced morale; Recruitment difficulties; Increased corruption; Increased taxes to offset revenue losses→exploitation of peasantry→declined agricultural production

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16
Q

Causes of Reform in Ottoman Empire

A

Military + Economic + Political

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17
Q

Beginning reform efforts

A

Limit taxation + increase agricultural production + end official corruption

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18
Q

Sultan Selim III

A

Tried to reform army with European model; New military challenged role of Janissaries

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19
Q

How did the Janissaries react to Selim’s new military system?

A

Revolts - Kill all European troops + lock up Selim; Stopped his successor when he tried to reform + killed all male members of dynasty except Mahmud II

20
Q

Mahmud II

A

Reforms are restoration of traditional Ottoman military / old tradition; Implemented European-style army

21
Q

Why didn’t the Janissaries win against Mahmud?

A

Riots were massacred by loyal troops to Mahmud

22
Q

Result of Mahmud II’s reforms

A

Remodeled Ottoman institutions based on Western style

23
Q

Military Reform of Mahmud II

A

Ottoman soldiers dressed in European style uniforms + weapons + tactics + education

24
Q

Social Reform of Mahmud II

A

Government created secondary education for boys (primary education -> scientific + technical + military academies)

25
Q

Political Reform of Mahmud II

A

Transferred power from traditional elites to himself + cabinet by: taxed rural landlords + abolished military land grants + undermined ulama

26
Q

Ulama

A

Islamic leadership

27
Q

How did Mahmud II gain legitimacy / more power?

A

Made European-style ministries; Built new roads + telegraph lines + postal service

28
Q

Tanzimat Era

A

Era of rapid reform

29
Q

Inspirations of Tanzimat Reformers

A

Enlightenment ideas (equality) + European constitutions

30
Q

Goal of Tanzimat reformers

A

Make Ottoman law acceptable for Europeans to stop capitulations + recover Ottoman sovereignty

31
Q

Reforms of Tanzimat Era

A

Modeled legal system after French; Protected citizen rights (public trials, privacy, equality before law for both Muslims + non-Muslims); Education reforms

32
Q

Who were against the Tanzimat reformers?

A

Religious conservatives + minority groups + Young Ottomans + Ottoman bureaucracy

33
Q

Why were religious conservatives against Tanzimat reformers?

A

They thought reforms were threat to Islamic foundation; Muslims view equality for Jews + Christians against principles of Islamic law

34
Q

Why were some minority groups against Tanzimat reformers?

A

Thought reforms would decrease their importance as intermediaries w Ottoman state

35
Q

Why were Young Ottomans against Tanzimat reformers?

A

Wanted Tanzimat to go further; Mixed in political + religious views; Wanted individual freedom + local autonomy + political decentralization + constitutional government + equality for all no matter the culture / religion

36
Q

Why were Ottoman bureaucracy against Tanzimat reformers?

A

They wanted to put checks on sultan’s power through constitution

37
Q

Abdül Hamid II

A

Sultan who signed a constitution that limited his authority + created a representative government; Suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, + exiled/executed liberals; Ruled as autocrat for 30 years to protect empire from Europe; Continued Tanzimat reforms: police, education, economy, railroads.

38
Q

What did Ottoman bureaucrats and military officers learn under Hamid II?

A

Modern science, technology, and European political, social, and cultural traditions.

39
Q

Result of Hamid II’s reforms

A

Exiled believe problem with Ottoman empire was unlimited power of sultan

40
Q

Young Turks

A

Most active dissident organization - Founded by exiled Ottomans; Promoted reform using newspapers

41
Q

Young Turks Beliefs

A

Universal suffrage; equality before law, secularism, women’s rights; freedom of religion; free public education; Nationalism of Turkish people; Ottoman empire become Turkey

42
Q

What was the Young Turks’ goal regarding the Ottoman Empire?

A

Wanted to maintain Turkish hegemony in the empire

43
Q

What language did the Young Turks make the official language of the empire?

A

Turkish - caused tension bc many people in the empire spoke Arabic or Slavic

44
Q

How did the Ottoman Empire survive into the 20th century?

A

European powers were unsure how to divide the empire

45
Q

Extraterritoriality

A

The right or privilege of a state to exercise authority in certain circumstances beyond the limits of its territory

Modern World History (27 decks)

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