Interwar Years Terms Flashcards
Turkish Nationalism
Nationalism in Ottoman empire; Political ideology that emphasize the interests of a particular nation, often at the expense of others; A strong sense of pride + loyalty + devotion to one’s nation; Belief that one’s country is superior
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Father of Turks; Created Republic of Turkey; Leader of Turkish nationalists; Modernized economy + promoted secularism → long term economic growth + modernize the country; Emancipated women; Inspired nationalism in Ottomans; Adopted Western beliefs + wanted to stop Sultan’s power; Supported self-determination → Wanted only ethnic Turkish to govern themselves → Young Turk and part of Committee of Union and Progress; Won respect at the battle of Gallipoli; Massacred Armenians + Greeks; Symbol of national consciousness + Turkishness
Young Turks (1908)
Turkish nationalist party / political movement in the Ottoman Empire that sought modernization and reform; Army coup → Dethroned Abdul Hamid + Made puppet sultan Mehmed V
Young Ottomans
Tanzimat; More open to other nations than Young Turks (as long as you are loyal to nation); International outlook; Wanted to save empire by welcoming everyone (failed due to nationalism); Optimistic; More liberalists but weren’t successful cause they didn’t go far enough
Committee of Union & Progress
Ruling faction of the Young Turks; Later orchestrated the Armenian Genocide; Took control of the Ottoman government; Promoted nationalism + modernization + centralization
“Three Pashas”
Three leaders of CUP who ruled the Ottoman Empire; Members of Young Turks; Organized + committed Armenian Genocide; Led Ottomans into WWI with CP
Turkification
Forced assimilation of non-Turkish minorities in the Ottoman Empire; Goal of Young Turks → Create Turkish hegemony; Made Turkish official language; Excluded non-Turkish members → Armenian genocide; Policy aimed at promoting Turkish identity + language + culture while suppressing non-Turkish groups
Emancipation of Women (Turkey)
Young Turks + CUP supported women’s rights → Atatürk’s policies granted Turkish women greater rights (ex: right to vote + property rights + enter professions + education)
Armenian Genocide
Mass killing of Armenians (christian minority) led by the 3 pashas in Turkey; Genocide sponsored by government; Stop Armenian self-determination; Drafted + deportation Armenians; Turkish denial: tried to say was just part of war
Criteria for Genocide
Intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group; Killing members of the group / Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group / Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part / Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
Sharia Law
Muslim religious law that involved a legal system governing aspects of both public + private life; Ataturk replaced sharia law → promoted Secularism
Hamidian Massacres
Massacres of Armenians in Ottoman Empire under Sultan Abdul Hamid II before WWI; Result of rising tensions between Armenians + Ottoman government + Armenian calls for reform + better treatment
Diaspora
Scattering of groups of people from their homeland, often due to persecution; Lead to calls for self-determination; Ex: In Ottoman Empire → Armenians / Jews
War of Turkish Independence
War fought by Turkish nationalists against foreign powers due to Ottomans losing WWI → dissolved / partitioned + occupied; Ataturk led war against occupiers + drove them out →
Created Republic of Turkey
Goodbye, Antoura
A memoir about Armenian children being kidnapped + forced to assimilate in the Ottoman Empire; Told stories of Armenian Genocide + deportations + death marches + drafts
Totalitarian
Government that exercises total control over public + private life; Extreme form of authoritarianism; Dictatorships; Ex:
Nazi Germany + Stalin/Lenin USSR + Mussolini fascist Italy + Francisco Spain
Authoritarian
Government that enforces strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedoms; Dictatorships; Rise of authoritarianism after WWI due to need for strong leaders; Gave false promises / rights to please people, make them seem great
Revolution
Rapid change in structure often through uprisings or revolts
Causes of Political Spectrum
Shaped by historical events + economic conditions + social inequalities + ideological shifts; Leads to varying degrees of government control + individual freedoms
Communism
Political theory derived from Karl Marx; Advocating class war + led to society in which all property is publicly owned + each person works + is paid according to their abilities + needs; Altered by others through dictatorship
Soviet
Revolutionary / socialist workers’ councils that played a central role in the governance of the Soviet Union; Organized by socialists; Evolved to represent various aspects of Soviet governance + society; Controlled factories + segments of military
Petrograd
St. Petersburg; Petrograd soviet → October Revolution
Nicholas II
Tsar of Russia during WWI;
Abdicated throne after February Revolution; Weak ruler → Hated by public
Nicolai Gogol
Russian novelist; Works combine humor + surrealism + social criticism + absurdities of society + human nature
Alexander Pushkin
Greatest Russian poet; Father of modern Russian literature
Khodynka Field (1896)
Site of a deadly stampede during Nicholas II’s coronation; Crowd crushed at Nicholas II’s inauguration; Nicholas partied with the French instead of going to hospital to see victims → Angers public against him
Bloody Sunday (1905)
Massacre of peaceful Russian protesters in Petrograd by the Tsar’s troops; Further radicalized population towards revolution against tsar
Tsarina Alexandra
Wife of Nicholas II; German → Made nobility mad (bc they just fought against Germany in WWI); Influenced by Rasputin (promised could cure son’s blood condition; CRAZY)
Rasputin
A mystic who gained influence in the Russian court; Influenced Tsarina Alexandra heavily; Claimed orgies could cure her son’s blood condition; Crazy → Hated + later assassinated by nobility
Russo-Japanese War
Russia vs Japan; Both wanted same territory → War where Japanese navy crushed Russian navy → Japan major imperial power + humiliated Tsar’s government → Embarrassment to nationalism + Tsar unpopularity
Problems with WWI (Russia)
Economic hardship + Military failures + Low morale
Alexander Kerensky
Leader of Russia’s provisional government + social revolutionaries
Social Revolutionaries
Political party advocating peasant-based socialism; Largest party in government; Led the provisional government → Chose to continue Russia participation in WWI; Unpopular; Overthrown by October Revolution; Represented peasant majority + promised land reform
Cadets
Constitutional Democratic Party (liberal Russian party); Wanted constitutional monarchy → Inspired by European constitutionalism; Made up of intellectuals; Made illegal after bolsheviks took over
Social Democrats (SD)
Most radical party formed by Marxist revolutionaries in Russia; Not democratic; Split into Mensheviks + Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
Faction of Social Democrats that favor gradual revolutions; Name means minority but is actually the most popular
Bolsheviks
Radical Marxist faction of Social Democrats; Name means majority but Lenin tricked public into thinking most popular; Led by Lenin; Seized power after October Rev
Peace, bread, land
Lenin’s motto + Bolshevik slogan appealing to war-weary Russians; 3 things that peasants really wanted; Lenin violated all of them: Peace (inspired from Machiavelli - use violence even when against morals + preventative violence + ends justify means → used violence against his own people even when not needed) + Bread (communist ideas → grain quotas for farmers + banned free trade → unequal distribution of food)
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of Bolsheviks; Communist; Germans sent him back to Russia to encourage them to end war; Led October revolution → seized power + became leader of Soviet Russia (USSR)
Leon Trotsky
Communist; Chairman of Petrograd Soviet; Key Bolshevik leader + organizer of Red Army; Criticized Stalin after Lenin’s death; Assassinated by Stalin
Josef Stalin
Leader of Soviet Union after Lenin’s death; Communist dictator; 5 year plan; Enforced collectivization of farms → Widespread famine; Expanded education + made almost everybody literate; Led purges (show trials); Industrialized USSR
Proletariat
Working class; Central to Marxist theory
October Revolution
Revolution led by Lenin where the Bolshevik overthrew the Provisional Government; Mostly bloodless; Rebellion involving weapons + military force on Winter Palace (provisional gov) → Power passed from PG to Bolshevik
Coup d’etat
A sudden + violent + illegal seizure of power from a government
February Revolution
Rebellion of citizens + troops that overthrew the Tsar; Police was unable to suppress uprisings; Tsar Nicholas II abdicating throne
Provisional Government
Temporary government created after Feb Revolution; Disbanded Tsarist police + allowed free speech + abolished ethnic / religious discrimination → Popular with public; Refused to end WWI + no land reform → Unpopular with public; Overthrown in the October Revolution
Russian Civil War
War between multiple parties in Russia; Caused by October Rev; Conflict between Bolsheviks + their opponents
Cheka
Lenin’s secret police; Punished people who went against him → Hypocrisy; Secret police also used by the provisional gov
War Communism (Russia)
Bolshevik policies to control the economy during the Russian Civil War
NEP (Russia)
Economic policy introduced by Lenin as a temporary economic reform; Allowed small-scale free trade + peasants to sell extra crops; Against communism but beneficial; Allowed some private enterprise
Red Terror
A campaign of repression + violent purges by the Bolsheviks; Eliminate political dissent against Bolsheviks; Executions by Cheka against any opposition to Lenin
Machiavelli
Renaissance political thinker; Lenin referenced for his ideas on power;
Use violence even when against morals; Preventative violence; The end justify the means
Comintern
International Communist organization promoting global revolution; Advocated world communism; Led by Communist party of Soviet Union
Party-state
System where a single political party controls the government
Five Year Plans
Stalin’s economic plans to industrialize Soviet Union to catch up to other European industrialization; Rapid industrialization + modernization; Collectivization; Industrial production successful bc output of machinery + oil quadrupled / doubled
Collectivization
Forced merging of individual farms into state-controlled collectives; Peasantry had to give up their individual farms + join large collectively owned farms → famines + starvation
Kulaks / Dekulakization
Wealthier peasants (bc of NEP) who refused to follow collectivism by destroying own farm to protest
→ Targeted + blamed + scapegoated by government; Targeted destruction of social middle class
Literacy
Increased under Soviet rule as part of modernization efforts; Stalin made almost complete population literate
Socialist Realism
State-approved artistic style glorifying communism; Official art style in USSR filled with propaganda + censorship; Created rules for writers → required them to portray heroes as models for communism; Literacy + art → Good characters follow Soviet rules while bad suffers; Fully support Communist rule
Party-minded
Expectation that citizens and intellectuals align with party ideology
Anna Akhmatova
Russian female poet; Critiqued Stalin →
Persecuted + censored
“Write for the Drawer”
Phrase describing writers who wrote privately in fear of government censorship; Artists limited to what they could publish - write knowing they could not publish what they’re writing
Cult of Personality
Glorification of a leader to maintain power
Purges (Russia)
Stalin mass executions + forced confessions; Arrested + killed many enemies (personal grudges + rivalries); Against other Communists; Prisoners sent to gulags
Show Trials (Russia)
Public trials to make public think purges happen for legit reasons; Fake + Scapegoat problems with the regime
Gulags
Soviet prisons / concentration camps for political prisoners; Political opponents sent there after purges
Zhenotdel
Soviet women’s department promoting gender equality / Female department of bolsheviks; Gave women new opportunities (legalized abortion)
NKVD (Russia)
Soviet Union’s secret police
Sun Yat-sen
Founder of guomindang; Leader of the nationalist movement - anti-imperialist; No political power but ideas: Three People’s Principles
Three People’s Principles
Sun Yat-sen’s ideas / philosophy for basis of Chinese republic: Nationalism + Democracy + People’s Livelihood
Nationalism (China)
Anti-imperialist; Advocating for Chinese independence from foreign control (fight back)
Democracy (China)
Promoting a republican government; 5 branches of gov. (normal 3, examination branch, control branch (censorship))
People’s Livelihood
Economic welfare for Chinese people: Tax reform + land reform + boost economy
Jiang Jieshi
Nationalist / traditionalist; Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party after Sun Yat-sen; Led resistance against Japanese; Defeated by CCP (Mao Zedong) in Chinese Civil War
Kuomintang
Guomindang / Chinese Nationalist Party; Founded by sun yat-sen
then led by jiangjieshi; Nationalistic; Retreated to Taiwan after defeat with CCP
May 4th Movement
Chinese nationalistic protests against imperialist Japan + foreign influence; Located in Tiananmen square; Protested bc of Chinese gov’s weak response to treaty of versailles allowing Japan to retain Chinese land → Oppose traditional Confucian values
Mao Zedong
Leader of the CCP; Communist; Popular among rural peasants; Wins Chinese Civil War with guomindang to become leader of China; Later founding the People’s Republic of China
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Chinese Communist Party; Led by Mao Zedong; Won Chinese civil war against guomindang → ruling party of China
Long March
Military retreat by CCP from the Nationalists / Guomindang during Chinese Civil War; Lots of casualties along the way; Solidified Mao Zedong’s leadership within the CCP; Inspired many to join Communist cause
Lu Xun
Chinese writer known for his critiques of Chinese society; Studied in Japan; Criticized traditional Chinese culture (Confucianism); Contributed to May Fourth Movement → Modernize + let go of old culture → Reinvigorate spirit of Chinese people; Wrote the “Diary of a Madman”
Diary of a Madman
Short story by Lu Xun criticizing Confucian traditions; Madman who sees reality more clearly than those around him → Sees “cannibalism” both in his family + village; Confucian classics
criticized traditional Chinese culture
Hirohito
Meiji Restoration
Constitutional Monarchy (Japan)
Kokutai
Japan’s national identity - Divinity of emperor; Emphasize loyalty to the emperor + idea of a superior Japanese state; Justification
Zaibatsu
Large industrial + financial conglomerates that controlled much of Japan’s economy before and during WWII; Gov. sold businesses to private investors → wealth concentrated; Controlled key sectors of economy → Economic growth
Greater East Asia Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Pan-Asia union that Japan tried to establish “Asia for Asians”; Japan’s imperial plan to dominate Asia under the pretense of economic cooperation
State Shinto
Mukden Incident
Spanish Civil War
Francisco Franco
Pablo Picasso
Guernica
Mussolini
Known as “Il Duce” = Leader; Socialist → Fascist leader; Modernized country; Dictatorship
Fasces / Fascism (Italy)
Blackshirts
March on Rome
Rome-Berlin Axis
Italian Nationalism
Weimar Republic
Paul von Hindenberg
Economic conditions
Reasons for Nazi acceptance
Adolph Hitler
Lebensraum
Germans expanding their land to accommodate more people; Hitler’s policy of expanding German territory; Goal of Germany in WWII → Justify territorial expansion → German people need more space to live
Mein Kampf
Hitler’s biography outlining his ideology; Antisemitic; Wrote it in jail after failed coup
Blitzkrieg
Treaty of Versailles (Germany)
Demographic Shifts
Night of the Long Knives
Nat’l Socialist Party
Gestapo
Fuhrer
Reichstag Fire
Scientific Racism (Germany)
Nuremberg Laws
